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Literary Encyclopedia Contents List
Abercrombie, Lascelles (1881 1938) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Achebe, Chinua (1930 ) by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Acker, Kathy (1947 1997) by Diane Fare, University of Central Lancashire Ackroyd, Peter (1949 ) by Paul Smethurst, University of Hong Kong Acton, Lord (1834 1902) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Adamov, Arthur (1908 1970) by Lara Cox, University of Exeter Adams, Arthur H. (1872 1936) by Daphne Lawless, Victoria University Adams, Henry (1838 1918) by William Merrill Decker, Oklahoma State University Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi (1977 ) by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Adorno, Theodor (1903 1969) by Andrew Edgar, Cardiff University Ælfric (955 (?) 1010 (?)) by Stuart Lee, OUCS, University of Oxford Aeschylus (525 BCE 456 BCE) by John Lewis, Ashland University Agamben, Giorgio (1942 ) by Simon Morgan Wortham, University of Portsmouth Agee, James (1909 1955) by Jeffrey J. Folks, Doshisha University Aichinger, Ilse (1921 ) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Aidoo, Ama Ata (1942 ) by Femi Nzegwu, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Aigi, Gennadii (1934 2006) by Peter France, University of Edinburgh Aiken, Conrad (1889 1972) by David Garrett Izzo, Fayetteville State University, North Carolina Aimé-Martin, Louis (1781 1844) by Stephanie Darrie, University of Exeter Ainsworth, William Harrison (1805 1882) by Stephen Carver, Fukui University Aitmatov, Chingiz (1928 ) by Mel Dadswell, formerly University of Exeter Akhmatova, Anna Andreevna (1889 1966) by Alex Harrington, University of Durham al-Radi, Nuha (1941 2003) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Albee, Edward (1928 ) by Lincoln Konkle, The College of New Jersey Alberti, Leon Battista (1404 1472) by David Marsh, Rutgers State University of New Jersey Alcott, Amos Bronson (1799 1888) by Karen English, San José State University Alcott, Louisa May (1832 1888) by Helena Maragou, American College of Greece Aldington, Richard (1892 1962) by Patrick Quinn, University of Northampton Aleshkovsky, Iuz (1929 ) by Alexander of Hales (1185 (?) 1245) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Alexie, Sherman (1966 ) by Susan Forsyth, Independent Scholar Algarotti, Francesco (1712 1764) by Laura Favero Carraro, University of Padua Alger, Horatio (1834 1899) by Gary Scharnhorst, University of New Mexico Algren, Nelson (1909 1981) by James A. Lewin, Shepherd University Ali, Agha Shahid (1949 2001) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Ali, Ahmed (1908 1994) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Ali, Monica (1967 ) by Sara Upstone, Kingston University Ali, Tariq (1943 ) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Allen, Grant (1848 1899) by Lyssa Randolph, University of Worcester Allende, Isabel (1942 ) by M. Carmen Gomez-Galisteo, Universidad de Alcala Alley, Rewi (1897 1987) by James Smithies, University of Canterbury, NZ Alleyn, Edward (1566 1626) by The Editors , Allingham, Margery (1904 1966) by Chris Willis, formerly of London Metropolitan University Altenberg, Peter (1859 1919) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Alvarez, Julia (1950 ) by Marta Caminero-Santangelo, University of Kansas Amado, Jorge (1912 2001) by Patricia Vieira, University of Leeds Ambler, Eric (1909 1993) by R. Gordon Kelly, University of Maryland Améry, Jean (1912 1978) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Amidon, Stephen (1959 ) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Amis, Kingsley (1922 1995) by Gavin Keulks, Western Oregon University Amis, Martin (1949 ) by Richard Todd, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Anacreon (570 BCE (?) 485 BCE (?)) by Douglas E. Gerber, University of Western Ontario Anaya, Rudolfo A. (1937 ) by M. Carmen Gomez-Galisteo, Universidad de Alcala Anderson, Barbara (1926 ) by Lydia Wevers, Victoria University Anderson, Jessica (1916 ) by Dorothy Jones, University of Wollongong Andrade, Mário (1893 1945) by Patricia Vieira, University of Leeds Andreas-Salomé, Lou (1861 1937) by Muriel Cormican, University of West Georgia Andrukhovych, Iurii (1960 ) by Uilleam Blacker, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Antin, David (1932 ) by Diana von Finck, University of Tuebingen Anzengruber, Ludwig (1839 1889) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Apess, William (1798 1839) by Gordon Sayre, University of Oregon Apollinaire, Guillaume (1880 1918) by Martin Sorrell, University of Exeter Apollonius, Rhodius (295 BCE (?) 230 BCE (?)) by William H. Race, University of North Carolina Apuleius (125 (?) 170 (?)) by Marguerite Johnson, University of Newcastle Aragon, Louis (1897 1982) by Marcelline Block, University of Princeton Arasanayagam, Jean (1930 ) by Harshana Rambukwella, University of Hong Kong Arbuckle, James (1700 1742) by Richard Holmes, University of Bristol Archambault, François (1968 ) by Tanya d'Angers, University of Toronto Archilochus (700 BCE (?) 600 BCE (?)) by Douglas E. Gerber, University of Western Ontario Arendt, Hannah (1906 1975) by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Arguedas, José María (1911 1969) by Melissa Moore, University of Exeter Ariosto, Ludovico (1474 1533) by Jo Ann Cavallo, Columbia University Aristotle (384 BCE 322 BCE) by John Phillips, National University of Singapore Arkwright, Sir Richard (1732 1792) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Arlt, Roberto (1900 1942) by Ben Bollig, University of Leeds Arnim, Elizabeth von (1866 1941) by Erica Brown, Sheffield Hallam University Arnold, Matthew (1822 1888) by Jennifer Wallace, Peterhouse, University of Cambridge Artaud, Antonin (1896 1948) by Robert Gillan, University of Manchester Ascham, Roger (1515 (?) 1568) by Thomas Olsen, State University of New York, New Paltz Ashbery, John (1927 ) by Daniel Kane, University of Sussex Asimov, Isaac (1920 1992) by Donald M. Hassler, Kent State University Aslam, Nadeem (1966 ) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Asser, John (865(?) 909 (?)) by Gabriella Corona, University of York Astell, Mary (1666 1731) by Jennie Batchelor, University of Kent Asturias, Miguel Angel (1899 1974) by Anahi Ramirez, University of East Anglia Athanasiadis, Tasos (1913 2006) by Stavroula Tsouprou, University of the Peloponnese Athelstan (before 918 941) by Timothy Bolton, Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies, University of Oslo Atkinson, Kate (1951 ) by Kevin P. Smith, Sheffield Hallam University Atwood, Margaret (1939 ) by Faye Hammill, Cardiff University Aubespine, Madeleine de l' (1546 1596) by Pollie Bromilow, University of Liverpool Aubin, Penelope (1679 1731) by Marina Filgueira, University of Corunna Auden, W. H. (1907 1973) by Michael O'Neill, Durham University Aue, Hartmann von (1160 (?) 1205 (?)) by Maria Dobozy, University of Utah Augustine of Canterbury (550 (?) 604 (?)) by Hugh Magennis, Queens University Belfast Aurelius, Marcus (121 180) by Karl White, University College Cork Austen, Jane (1775 1817) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Auster, Paul (1947 ) by Garan Holcombe, Independent Scholar Austin, J. L. (1911 1960) by Siobhan Chapman, University of Liverpool Austin, Mary (1868 1934) by Mark T. Hoyer, University of California, Davis Averroes (1126 1198) by Maria Angeles Gallego, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid Avicenna (980 1037) by Maria Angeles Gallego, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid Ayckbourn, Alan (1939 ) by Paul Allen, University of Sheffield Bâ, Mariama (1929 1981) by Femi Nzegwu, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Babel, Isaak (1894 1941 (?)) by Philip Ross Bullock, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Bacchylides (520 BCE (?) 450 BCE (?)) by Douglas E. Gerber, University of Western Ontario Bachmann, Ingeborg (1926 1973) by Sara Lennox, University of Massachusetts Bacon, Francis (1561 1626) by Julie Robin Solomon, American University Bacon, Roger (1210 (?) 1292 (?)) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Baez, Joan (1941 ) by Gillian Mitchell, University of St Andrew's Bage, Robert (1720 1801) by Pam Perkins, University of Manitoba Baillie, Grisell (1665 1746) by Natasha Aleksiuk Duquette, Taylor University College Baillie, Joanna (1762 1851) by Natasha Aleksiuk Duquette, Taylor University College Bakhtin, Mikhail (1895 1975) by Simon Dentith, University of Gloucestershire Baldwin, James (1924 1987) by Magdalena J. Zaborowska, University of Michigan Bale, John (1495 1563) by Nicoletta Caputo, University of Florence Ballantyne, David (1924 1986) by Bryan Reid, Independent Scholar Ballantyne, R. M. (1825 1894) by John Miller, University of Glasgow Ballard, J. G. (1930 2009) by Jeannette Baxter, University of East Anglia Balzac, Honoré de (1799 1850) by Andrew Watts, University of Birmingham Bamford, Samuel (1788 1872) by John Gardner, Anglia Ruskin University Bandele, Biyi (1967 ) by Thomas Martinek, University of Vienna Banks, Iain (1953 ) by Martyn Colebrook, University of Hull and Lucie Arnitt, University of Wales, Bangor Banti, Anna (1895 1985) by Angela Capodivacca, Yale University Banville, John (1945 ) by Pietra Palazzolo, University of Essex Baraka, Imamu Amiri (1934 ) by Alex Houen, University of Sheffield Barbauld, Anna (1743 1825) by Mary Waters, University of California, Davis Barberino, Andrea da (1372 (?) 1431 (?)) by Gloria Allaire, University of Kentucky Barbey-D'Aurevilly, Jules-Amédée (1808 1889) by Robert Gillan, University of Manchester Barbour, John (1320 (?) 1395) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Barfoot, Joan (1946 ) by Isla Duncan, University of Chichester Barker, George Granville (1913 1991) by Robert Fraser, Open University Barker, Howard (1946 ) by Bernhard Reitz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz Barker, Lady Mary Anne (1831 (?) 1911) by Jenny Robin Jones, Independent Scholar Barker, Pat (1943 ) by Anne Whitehead, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Barnard, Mary (1909 2001) by Sarah Barnsley, Goldsmiths, University of London Barnes, Djuna (1892 1982) by Deborah Parsons, University of Birmingham Barnes, Julian (1946 ) by Merritt Moseley, University of North Carolina Barnes, William (1801 1886) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Baron, Alexander (1917 1999) by Susie Thomas, Independent Scholar Barrie, J. M. (1860 1937) by Andrew Nash, School of Advanced Studies, University of London Barry, Sebastian (1955 ) by Jude Meche, Louisiana State University Barth, John (1930 ) by Elzbieta Foeller-Pituch, Northwestern University Barthelme, Donald (1931 1989) by William Warde, University of North Texas Barthes, Roland (1915 1980) by Graham Allen, University College Cork Bartram, John (1699 1777) by James Peacock, University of Keele Bartram, William (1739 1823) by Amie C. Fletcher, Auburn University Basile, Giambattista (1566 (?) 1632) by Nancy Canepa, Dartmouth University Bataille, Georges (1897 1962) by Paul Hegarty, University College Cork Baudelaire, Charles (1821 1867) by Barbara Wright, Trinity College, Dublin Baudrillard, Jean (1929 ) by Paul Hegarty, University College Cork Baum, L. Frank (1856 1919) by Katharine Rogers, City University of New York Baxter, James K. (1926 1972) by Mark Williams, University of Canterbury, NZ Baxter, Richard (1615 1691) by Neil Keeble, University of Stirling Beaumont, Francis, and John Fletcher (1579 1625) by Sandra Clark, Birkbeck College, University of London Beaumont, Sir Francis (1584 1616) by Sandra Clark, Birkbeck College, University of London Beauvoir, Simone de (1908 1986) by Felicia Gordon, University of Cambridge Beccaria, Cesare (1738 1794) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Becker, Jerzy (1937 (?) 1997) by David Clarke, University of Bath Beckett, Samuel (1906 1989) by Paul Davies, University of Ulster at Coleraine Beckford, William (1760 1844) by Kenneth W. Graham, University of Guelph Beddoes, Thomas Lovell (1803 1849) by Shelley S. Rees, Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics Bede (673 735) by Scott De Gregorio, University of Michigan, Dearborn Beer-Hofmann, Richard (1866 1945) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Beerbohm, Sir Max (1872 1956) by Sarah Davison, St Annes College, University of Oxford Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770 1827) by Ruth Starkman, University of San Francisco Behn, Aphra (1640 1689) by Jennifer Donald, University of Glasgow Bellamy, Edward (1850 1898) by Alex Macdonald, University of Regina Bellow, Saul (1915 2005) by Gloria Cronin, Brigham Young University Benet, Stephen Vincent (1898 1943) by David Garrett Izzo, Fayetteville State University, North Carolina Benjamin, Walter (1892 1940) by Esther Leslie, Birkbeck College, University of London Benn, Gottfried (1886 1956) by Ingo Roland Stoehr, Kilgore College Bennett, Alan (1934 ) by Garan Holcombe, Independent Scholar Bennett, Arnold (1867 1931) by Neil Cartlidge, University College Dublin Benson, Stella (1892 1933) by Marlene Baldwin Davis, College of William and Mary Bentham, Jeremy (1748 1832) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Bentley, Thomas (1543 (?) 1585) by John Flood, University of Oxford Berger, John (1926 ) by Duncan O'Connor, University of Cambridge Berggol'ts, Ol'ga (1910 1975) by Katharine Hodgson, University of Exeter Bergson, Henri (1859 1941) by Fred Dervin, Turku University Bernardone, Giovanni Francesco (1181(?) 1226) by Alessandro Vettori, Rutgers State University of New Jersey Bernhard, Thomas (1931 1989) by Ruth Starkman, University of San Francisco Berryman, John Allyn Smith McAlpin (1914 1972) by Ernest J. Smith, University of Central Florida Bertrand, Aloysius (1807 1841) by Christophe Ippolito, Georgia Institute of Technology Bethell, Mary Ursula (1874 1945) by Peter Whiteford, Victoria University of Wellington Betjeman, Sir John (1906 1984) by Patrick Early, Independent Scholar Betterton, Thomas (1635 1710) by David Roberts, Birmingham City University Beyala, Calixthe (1961 ) by Claudia Martinek, University of Cergy-Pontoise, University of Vienna Bhabha, Homi K (1949 ) by David Huddart, Chinese University of Hong Kong Bidart, Frank (1939 ) by Jeffrey Gray, Seton Hall University Bierce, Ambrose (1842 1914 (?)) by Herbie Butterfield, University of Essex Biermann, Wolf (1936 ) by David Clarke, University of Bath Bird, Robert Montgomery (1806 1854) by Michael Wilson, Appalachian State University Birney, Earle (1904 1987) by Ginny Ratsoy, Thompson Rivers University Bishop, Elizabeth (1911 1979) by David C. Dougherty, Loyola College, Maryland Bishop, John Peale (1892 1944) by Herbie Butterfield, University of Essex Bismarck, Otto von (1815 1898) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Bisset, James (1762 1832) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Bissoondath, Neil (1955 ) by Erin Goheen, McMaster University Bizet, Georges (1838 1875) by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Blackburn, Paul (1926 1971) by Jonathan Curley, New Jersey Institute of Technology Blackstone, Sir William (1723 1780) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Blais, Marie-Claire (1939 ) by Louise Forsyth, University of Saskatchewan Blake, William (1757 1827) by David Punter, University of Bristol Blamire, Susanna (1747 1794) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Blanchot, Maurice (1907 2003) by Timothy Clark, Durham University Blasco Ibáñez, Vicente (1867 1928) by Teresa Fuentes, University of Leeds Blaser, Robin (1925 ) by Miriam Nichols, University College of the Fraser Valley Blavatsky, Madame (1831 1891) by Scott Duchesne, University of Guelph Blind Hary (1440 1492) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Blind, Mathilde (1841 1896) by Simon Avery, University of Hertfordshire Bloch, Ernst (1885 1977) by Ruth Starkman, University of San Francisco Blok, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1880 1921) by Emily Lygo, University of Exeter Bloom, Harold (1930 ) by Graham Allen, University College Cork Bloomfield, Robert (1766 1823) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Blunden, Edmund (1896 1974) by Carol Acton, University of Waterloo Bly, Robert (1926 ) by William V. Davis, Baylor University Blyton, Enid (1897 1968) by David Rudd, University of Bolton Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313 1375) by Michael Papio, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Bohr, Niels (1885 1962) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Boiardo, Matteo Maria (1441 1494) by Jo Ann Cavallo, Columbia University Boissière, Ralph De (1907 2008) by Annie Greet de Boissière, Independent Scholar Böll, Heinrich (1917 1985) by Hannelore G. Mundt, University of Wyoming Bolt, Carol (1941 2000) by Shelley Scott, University of Lethbridge Bombal, María Luisa (1910 1980) by Evelyn Fishburn, University College London Bond, Edward (1934 ) by Anthony Vivis, University of East Anglia Bonnefoy, Yves (1923 ) by Aaron Prevots, Southwestern University Booth, William (1829 1912) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Borchert, Wolfgang ( ) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Borges, Jorge Luis (1899 1986) by Gerardo Pina, University of East Anglia Borrow, George Henry (1803 1881) by George Hyde, University of East Anglia Bosman, Herman Charles (1905 1951) by Craig MacKenzie, University of Johannesburg Bosquet, Alain (1919 1998) by Christine Tipper, University of Bath Boswell, James (1740 1795) by Ian McGowan, University of Stirling Botting, Eirene Adeline (1899 1980) by Louise Harrington, Cardiff University Bottomley, Gordon (1874 1948) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Bouchard, Michel Marc (1958 ) by Scott Duchesne, University of Guelph Boucicault, Dion (1820 1890) by Deirdre McFeely, Trinity College Dublin Bourdieu, Pierre (1930 2002) by Mary Eagleton, Leeds Metropolitan University Bowen, Elizabeth (1899 1973) by Petra Rau, University of Portsmouth Bowen, Marjorie (1885 1952) by Frances M. Malpezzi, Arkansas State University Bowles, Paul (1910 1999) by David Espey, University of Pennsylvania Boyle, Kay (1902 1992) by Thomas Austenfeld, University of Fribourg Boyle, Robert, first Earl of Cork (1627 1691) by John Young, Sussex University Bracken, Thomas (1843 1898) by Peter Lineham, Massey University Brackenridge, Hugh Henry (1748 1816) by Leonard von Morze, University of Massachusetts, Boston Bradbury, Ray (1920 ) by Brian Baker, University of Lancaster Bradbury, Sir Malcolm (1932 2000) by Nicolas Tredell, University of Sussex Braddon, Mary Elizabeth (1835 1915) by Chris Willis, formerly of London Metropolitan University Bradford, William (1590 1657) by Robert Daly, State University of New York, Buffalo Bradley, David (1950 ) by Helen Lock, University of Louisiana, Monroe Bradstreet, Anne (1612 (?) 1672) by Kathleen De Grave, Pittsburgh State University Bragg, Melvyn (1939 ) by Gillian Fenwick, University of Toronto Brahms, Johannes (1833 1897) by Mark E. Bell, Lake Erie College Brandt, Di (1952 ) by Tanis MacDonald, Wilfrid Laurier University Brasch, Charles Orwell (1909 1973) by Margaret Scott, Independent Scholar Brathwaite, Edward (1930 ) by Kelly Josephs, CUNY, York College Braun, Volker (1939 ) by Rolf Jucker, Independent Scholar Brecht, Bertolt (1898 1956) by Steven W. Lawrie, University of Aberdeen Brentano, Clemens (1778 1842) by Claudia Stockinger, University of Goettingen Brenton, Howard (1942 ) by Steven Barfield, University of Westminster Brett, Edwin John (1827 1895) by Dick Collins, Independent Scholar Brink, André (1935 ) by Sue Kossew, University of New South Wales Brittain, Vera (1893 1970) by Lolly Ockerstrom, Park University Britten, Benjamin (1913 1976) by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Broch, Hermann (1886 1951) by Paul Michael Lützeler, Washington University in St. Louis Brod, Max (1884 1969) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Brodsky, Joseph (1940 1996) by Arina Volgina, The Linguistic University of Nizhny Novgorod Brome, Richard (1590 (?) 1652) by Matthew Steggle, Sheffield Hallam University Bromfield, Louis (1896 1956) by Jayne Waterman, University of Leeds Brontë, Anne (1820 1849) by Susan R. Bauman, Campion College, University of Regina Bronte, Branwell (1817 1848) by Carolyne van der Meer, University of Montreal Brontë, Charlotte (1816 1855) by Judy Giles, York St John University College Brontë, Emily (1818 1848) by Steven Vine, University of Wales, Swansea Brook, Peter (1925 ) by Bernhard Reitz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz Brooke, Charlotte (1740 (?) 1793) by Averill Buchanan, Queen's University, Belfast Brooke, Frances (1724 1789) by Laura Moss, University of British Columbia Brooke, Rupert (1887 1915) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Brooke-Rose, Christine (1923 ) by Bradley Buchanan, California State University, Sacramento Brooks, Gwendolyn (1917 2000) by A. Yemisi Jimoh, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Brossard, Nicole (1943 ) by Susan Rudy, University of Calgary Brougham, Henry Peter (1778 1868) by Pam Perkins, University of Manitoba Brown (1869 1902) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Brown, Charles Brockden (1771 1810) by Stephen Shapiro, University of Warwick Brown, Chester (1960 ) by Andrew Lesk, University of Toronto Brown, George Mackay (1921 1996) by Juliet Linden Bicket, University of Glasgow Brown, Lancelot Capability (1716 1783) by Caroline Holmes, Institute of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge Brown, Sterling A. (1901 1989) by John Edgar Tidwell, University of Kansas Browne, Sir Thomas (1605 1682) by Claire Preston, Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge Browning, Elizabeth Barrett (1806 1861) by Mary Pollock, Stetson University Browning, Robert (1812 1889) by Adam Roberts, Royal Holloway, University of London Bruno, Giordano (1548 (?) 1600) by Giuseppe Di Scipio, Hunter College, City University of New York Brussig, Thomas (1965 ) by Ingo Roland Stoehr, Kilgore College Brutus, Dennis Vincent (1924 ) by Craig McLuckie, Okanagan University College Bryant, John Frederick (1753 1791) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Buber, Martin (1878 1965) by Ruth Starkman, University of San Francisco Buchan, John (1875 1940) by John Miller, University of Glasgow Buchanan, Claudius (1766 1815) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Buchanan, Robert Williams (1841 1901) by Andrew Nash, School of Advanced Studies, University of London Büchner, Georg (1813 1837) by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Buck, Pearl S. (1892 1973) by Peter Conn, University of Pennsylvania Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821 1862) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Buckler, Ernest (1908 1984) by Andrew Lesk, University of Toronto Buida, Iurii (1954 ) by Oliver Ready, Wolfson College, University of Oxford Bukowski, Charles (1920 1994) by Gary Blohm, Independent Scholar Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasevich (1891 1940) by Mel Dadswell, formerly University of Exeter Bulwer-Lytton, Edward (1803 1873) by Juliet John, University of Liverpool Bulwer-Lytton, Rosina (1802 1882) by Marie Mulvey-Roberts , University of the West of England Bunin, Ivan (1870 1953) by Dmitry Olshansky, Group of Lacanian Psychoanalysis Bunting, Basil (1900 1985) by Glyn Pursglove, University of Wales, Swansea Bunyan, John (1628 1688) by Roger Pooley, Keele University Burdekin, Katharine (1896 1963) by Debra Benita Shaw, London Metropolitan University Bürger, Gottfried August (1747 1794) by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Burgoyne, Sir John (1722 1792) by Lois Potter, University of Delaware Burke, Edmund (1729 1797) by David Williams, University of Sheffield Burke, James Lee (1936 ) by Stuart Sim, University of Sunderland Burnett, Frances Hodgson (1849 1924) by Angelika Zirker, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Burney, Fanny (1752 1840) by Justine Crump, King's College, University of Cambridge Burns, Robert (1759 1796) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Burroughs, William (1914 1997) by Timothy S. Murphy, University of Oklahoma Bury, John (1861 1927) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Butler, Judith (1956 ) by Catherine Rottenberg, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Butler, Octavia (1947 2006) by Sarah Wood, University of Central England Byatt, A. S. (1936 ) by Richard Todd, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Byrd, William (1674 1744) by Michael A. Lofaro, University of Tennessee Byrhtferth of Ramsey (960 (?) 1020 (?)) by Stewart Brookes, Kings College London Byron, Lord (George Gordon) (1788 1824) by Malcolm Kelsall, Cardiff University Byron, Lord (George Gordon) (1788 1824) by Malcolm Kelsall, Cardiff University Caedmon (600 (?) 680 (?)) by Paul Cavill, University of Nottingham Callaghan, Morley (1903 1990) by Shobha Gowda, Bangalore University Callimachus (310 BCE (?) 246 BCE (?)) by Markus Asper, Pennsylvania State University Calvin, Jean (1509 1564) by Adrian Streete, Queens University Belfast Camões, Luís de (1524 1580) by Thomas Earle, University of Oxford Campana, Dino (1885 1932) by Matteo Meschiari, University of Palermo Camus, Albert (1913 1960) by Amanda Crawley-Jackson, University of Sheffield Candelaria, Nash (1928 ) by Heiner Bus , Universität Bamberg Canetti, Elias (1905 1994) by Dagmar C. G. Lorenz, University of Illinois, Chicago Canning, Victor (1911 1986) by John Higgins, Independent Scholar Capek, Karel (1890 1938) by Andrew Christensen, Charles University, Prague Capote, Truman (1924 1984) by John Dolis, Pennsylvania State University Carew, Thomas (1594 (?) 1640) by Glyn Pursglove, University of Wales, Swansea Carey, Peter (1943 ) by Bruce Woodcock, University of Hull Carleton, Mary (1635 (?) 1673) by Mary Jo Kietzman, The University of Michigan, Flint Carlyle, Jane Welsh (1801 1866) by Nathan Uglow, Trinity and All Saints College, Leeds Carlyle, Thomas (1795 1881) by Nathan Uglow, Trinity and All Saints College, Leeds Carman, Bliss (1861 1929) by Thomas Hodd, University of Ottawa Carr, Emily (1871 1945) by Angela Smith, University of Stirling Carr, Marina (1964 ) by Catherine Rees, University of Wales, Aberystwyth Carroll, Jonathan (1949 ) by Steffen Hantke, Sogang University Carroll, Lewis (1832 1898) by Angelika Zirker, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Carson, Anne (1950 ) by Ian Rae, University of British Columbia Carson, Rachel (1907 1964) by Mary Stark, Central College Iowa and Stephen Johnson, William Penn University Carter, Angela Olive (1940 1992) by Linden Peach, University of Gloucestershire Carter, Elizabeth (1717 1806) by Judith Hawley, Royal Holloway, University of London Carter, James Earl (1924 ) by David C. Dougherty, Loyola College, Maryland Carter, Martin Wylde (1927 1997) by Anita Patterson, Boston University Carver, Raymond (1938 1988) by Aliki Varvogli, University of Dundee Casement, Roger (1864 1916) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Cassirer, Ernst (1874 1945) by Roger Stephenson, Paul Bishop, Stephanie Hoelscher, University of Glasgow Cather, Willa (1873 1947) by Susie Thomas, Independent Scholar Catlin, George (1796 1872) by Joshua Bellin, La Roche College Cato, Marcus Porcius (234 BCE 149 BCE) by Enrica Sciarrino, University of Canterbury, NZ Catullus, Gaius Valerius (84 BCE (?) 54 BCE (?)) by Mandy Green, Durham University Cavalcanti, Guido (1250 (?) 1300) by Federica Anichini, Smith College Cawein, Madison (1865 1914) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Caxton, William (1424 (?) 1492) by David Coleman, Queens University Belfast Celan, Paul (1920 1970) by Derek Hillard, Kansas State University Céline, Louis-Ferdinand (1894 1961) by Christopher Shorley, Queen's University Belfast Centlivre, Susannah (1669 1723) by Laura Favero Carraro, University of Padua Cervantes, Miguel de (1547 1616) by James Parr, University of California-Riverside Césaire, Aimé (1913 2008) by Jennifer Jahn, University of Cambridge César Franck (1822 1890) by Mark E. Bell, Lake Erie College Chamisso, Adelbert von (1781 1838) by Anthony Grant, Edge Hill University Chandler, Raymond (1888 1959) by Lee Horsley, University of Lancaster Chandra, Vikram (1961 ) by Andrew Teverson, Goldsmiths College, University of London Chappell, Fred (1936 ) by Sylvia Bailey Shurbutt, Shepherd University Char, René (1907 1988) by Rosemary Lancaster, University of Western Australia Charlemagne (747 (?) 814) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Chatterton, Thomas (1752 1770) by Ivan Phillips, University of Hertfordshire Chatwin, Bruce (1940 1989) by Richard Utz, University of Northern Iowa Chaucer, Geoffrey (1343 (?) 1400) by Gillian Rudd, University of Liverpool Chávez Denise (1948 ) by Cristina Herrera, Claremont Graduate University Chekhov, Anton (1860 1904) by John Reid, University of the West of England Chekhov, Michael (1891 1955) by Adam J. Ledger, University of Hull Chernyshevsky, Nikolai (1828 1889) by Kathryn Ambrose, Keele University Chesnut, Mary Boykin (1823 1886) by Stephen E. Meats, Pittsburg State University Chesnutt, C. W. (1858 1932) by Heather Sowards, Ohio University Chesterton, G. K. (1874 1936) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Child, Lydia Maria (1802 1880) by Tara Deshpande, University of Leeds Childress, Alice (1916 1994) by Terry Novak, Johnson & Wales University Chimombo, Steve (1945 ) by Fiona Johnson Chalamanda, University of Stirling Chinodya, Shimmer (1957 ) by Ranka Primorac, University of New York in London Chomsky, Noam (1928 ) by Neil Smith, University College London Chopin, Kate (1850 1904) by Val Scullion, Open University Christie, Agatha (1890 1976) by Chris Willis, formerly of London Metropolitan University Chughtai, Ismat (1915 1991) by Mohanalakshmi Phongsavan, Quatar University Church, Richard William (1815 1890) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Churchill, Caryl (1938 ) by Elaine Aston, University of Lancaster Churchill, Charles (1731 1764) by Adam Simon Rounce, University of Bristol Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106 BCE 43 BCE) by Abdool-Hack Mamoojee, Lakehead University Cioran, Emil (1911 1995) by Joseph Acquisto, University of Vermont Cisneros, Sandra (1954 ) by Cristina Herrera, Claremont Graduate University Cixous, Hélène (1937 ) by Morag Shiach, Queen Mary, University of London Clampitt, Amy (1920 1994) by Celeste Goodridge, Bowdoin College Clanvowe, Sir John (1341 (?) 1391) by Jill Havens, Texas Christian University Clare, John (1793 1864) by Eric Miller, University of Victoria, British Columbia Claretie, Jules (1840 1913) by Laura Spear, University of Illinois Clark, Walter van Tilburg (1909 1971) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Clarke, Marcus (1846 1881) by Andrew McCann, University of Melbourne Clarkson, Thomas (1760 1846) by The Editors Cleland, John (1709 1789) by Peter Byrne, University of California, Irvine Clements, Marie (1962 ) by Reid Gilbert, Capilano College Clift, Charmian (1923 1969) by Karen Brooks, University of the Sunshine Coast Clifton, Lucille (1936 ) by Mary Jane Lupton, Morgan State University, Baltimore Clough, Arthur Hugh (1819 1861) by Jane Wright, University of Leeds Cnut (995 (?) 1035) by Timothy Bolton, Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies, University of Oslo Coady, Lynn (1970 ) by Lorna Hutchison, McGill University Cobbe, Frances Power (1822 1908) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Cobbett, William (1763 1835) by Noel Thompson, University of Wales, Swansea Cocteau, Jean (1889 1963) by Derek Connon, University of Wales, Swansea Coe, Jonathan (1961 ) by Lisa Salem-Wiseman, Humber Institute, Toronto Coetzee, J. M. (1940 ) by Dominic Head, University of Nottingham Cohen, Leonard (1934 ) by Christopher Sinclair, University of Saskatchewan Coleridge, Mary (1861 1907) by Simon Avery, University of Hertfordshire Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772 1834) by Seamus Perry, Balliol College, University of Oxford Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel (1875 1912) by The Editors , Colette (1873 1954) by Alison Fell, University of Leeds Collier, Mary (1689 (?) 1762 (?)) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Collins, An (1630 (?) 1670 (?)) by W. Scott Howard, University of Denver Collins, Wilkie (1824 1889) by Bianca Tredennick, Gonzaga University Collins, William (1721 1759) by Bran Nicol, University of Portsmouth Columbus, Christopher (1451 1506) by Peter Hulme, University of Essex Common, Jack (1903 1968) by Gillian Fenwick, University of Toronto Condorcet, Marie-Jean (1743 1794) by David Williams, University of Sheffield Congreve, William (1670 1729) by Brian Corman, University of Toronto Conrad, Joseph (1857 1924) by Peter Childs, University of Gloucestershire Conway, Anne (1631 1679) by Sarah Hutton, University of Wales, Aberystwyth Cook, Ebenezer (1667 (?) 1732) by Richard J. Ring, John Carter Brown Library, Brown University Cook, James (1728 1779) by Carol Percy, University of Toronto Cook, Michael (1933 1994) by Craig Walker, Queens University Coolbrith, Ina (1841 1928) by Gary Scharnhorst, University of New Mexico Cooley, Dennis (1944 ) by Craig Mcluckie and Alexis Ratz, Okanagan University College Cooley, Peter (1940 ) by Caroline King Hall, Pennsylvania State University Cooper, Anthony Ashley (1671 1713) by Daniel Floyd, University of Aberdeen Cooper, James Fenimore (1789 1851) by Leonardo Buonomo, University of Trieste Cooper, Susan (1935 ) by Charles Butler, University of the West of England Corelli, Marie (1855 1924) by Annette Federico, James Madison University Corneille, Pierre (1616 1684) by Alan Howe, University of Liverpool Cornwell, Patricia (1956 ) by Sarah Dauncey, University of Warwick Coryate, Thomas (1577 (?) 1617) by Katharine Craik, Oxford Brookes University Cotton, Sir Robert (1571 1631) by Peter A. Stokes, King's College, London Coulter, John (1888 1980) by David Gardner, University of Toronto Couto, Mia (1955 ) by Sean Rogers, University of the Witwatersrand Coverdale, Miles (1488 1569) by David Coleman, Queens University Belfast Coward, Noel (1899 1973) by Hélène Catsiapis, Ecole Centrale de Lille Cowley, Abraham (1618 1667) by Robert Cummings, University of Glasgow Cowley, Hannah (1743 1809) by Antje Blank, University of Glasgow Cowper, William (1731 1800) by Joseph Musser, Ohio Wesleyan University Cozzens, James Gould (1903 1978) by James MacDonald, University of Exeter Crafts, Hannah (1820 (?) 1870 (?)) by R. J. Ellis, University of Birmingham Craik, Dinah (1826 1887) by Sarah Brown, Anglia Ruskin University Crane, Hart (1899 1932) by Ernest J. Smith, University of Central Florida Crane, Stephen (1871 1900) by Donald Vanouse, State University of New York, Oswego Crashaw, Richard (1612 (?) 1649) by David Reid, University of Stirling Crawford, Isabella Valancy (1850 1887) by Cecily Devereux, University of Alberta Crawford, Robert (1959 ) by J. C. Bittenbender, Eastern University, Pennsylvania Creeley, Robert (1926 2005) by Alastair Wisker, formerly of Ruskin College Creighton, Mandell (1843 1901) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Crenne, Helisenne de (1500 (?) 1552(?)) by Pollie Bromilow, University of Liverpool Cresswell, D'Arcy (1896 1960) by John Newton, University of Canterbury, NZ Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St John de (1735 1813) by Joseph Chaves, University of Northern Colorado Crews, Harry (1935 ) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Crimp, Martin (1956 ) by Aleks Sierz, Independent Scholar Croce, Benedetto (1866 1952) by James Martin, Goldsmiths College, University of London Cromwell, Oliver (1599 1658) by David Smith, University of Cambridge Crothers, Rachel (1878 1958) by Felicia Londre, University of Missouri-Kansas City Crowne, John (1641 1712 (?)) by David Roberts, Newman University College Crozier, Lorna (1948 ) by Catherine Hunter, The University of Winnipeg Cummings, e. e. (1894 1962) by Misty McGinnis Bailey, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Curll, Edmund (1683 1747) by Peter Heaney, Staffordshire University Curnow, Allen (1911 2001) by Mark Williams, University of Canterbury, NZ Curzon, Sarah Anne (1833 1898) by Kym Bird, York University, Canada Cynewulf (900 (?) 960 (?)) by Peter A. Stokes, King's College, London D'Anvers, Alicia (1668 1725) by Holly Faith Nelson, Trinity Western University D'Arcy, Ella (1856 (?) 1937) by James Fleming, University of Florida D'Avenant, Sir William (1606 1668) by Dawn Lewcock, formerly of the Institute of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge da Todi, Jacopone (1236 (?) 1306) by Alessandro Vettori, Rutgers State University of New Jersey Dabydeen, David (1956 ) by Abigail Ward, Nottingham Trent University Dahl, Roald (1916 1990) by Kevin P. Smith, Sheffield Hallam University Dahlberg, Edward (1900 1977) by Herbie Butterfield, University of Essex Dallas, Ruth (1919 2008) by Anna Jackson, Victoria University Dampier, William (1652 1715) by Adrian Mitchell, University of Sydney Dangarembga, Tsitsi (1959 ) by Angela Smith, University of Stirling Danielewski, Mark Z. (1966 ) by Katharine Cox, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff Dante Alighieri (1265 1321) by John Took, University College London Darley, George (1795 1846) by Michael Bradshaw, Edge Hill University Darwin, Charles (1809 1882) by Francis O'Gorman, University of Leeds Darwin, Erasmus (1731 1802) by Matthew Green, University of Nottingham Das, Kamala (1934 ) by Nishi Pulugurtha, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, University of Calcutta David, Jacques-Louis (1748 1825) by Edward David Lilley, University of Bristol Davies, Ivor (1893 1951) by Hélène Catsiapis, Ecole Centrale de Lille Davies, W. H. (1871 1940) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Davin, Daniel M. (1913 1990) by Janet Wilson, University of Northampton Davis, Frank Marshall (1905 1987) by John Edgar Tidwell, University of Kansas Davis, H.L. (1896 1960) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Davis, Rebecca Harding (1831 1910) by Kathleen L. Nichols, Pittsburg State University Davys, Mary (1674(?) 1732) by Martha F. Bowden, Kennesaw State University de Camoens, Luis (1524 1580) by Thomas Earle, University of Oxford De La Mare, Walter (1873 1956) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar De La Roche, Mazo (1879 1961) by Heather Kirk, Georgian College de Spinoza, Benedictus (1632 1677) by Rodney F. Taylor, Truman State University Debord, Guy (1932 1994) by Benjamin Noys, University of Chichester Deeping, Warwick (1877 1950) by Mary Grover, Sheffield Hallam University Defoe, Daniel (1660 1731) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Dekker, Thomas (1570 (?) 1632) by David Stymeist, Queens University Delbo, Charlotte (1913 1985) by Nicole Thatcher, University of Middlesex DeLillo, Donald (1936 ) by Stephen Burn, Northern Michigan University Deloria, Vine (1933 2005) by Holly Boomer, National American University Demosthenes (383 BCE (?) 322 BCE (?)) by David Ryan, University of San Francisco Denham, Sir John (1615 1669) by I. R. F. Gordon, Emeritus, Anglia Ruskin University Derozio, Henry (1809 1831) by Nishi Pulugurtha, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, University of Calcutta Derrida, Jacques (1930 2004) by Timothy Clark, Durham University Desai, Anita (1937 ) by Rachel Farebrother, Swansea University Deshpande, Shashi (1938 ) by Visa Ravindran, Independent Scholar Dessaix, Robert (1944 ) by Narelle Shaw, University of Tasmania Destutt de Tracy (1754 1836) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Devanny, Jean (1894 1962) by Cheryl Taylor, James Cook University Devi, Ananda (1957 ) by Rohini Bannerjee, Saint Mary's University Dewey, John (1859 1952) by Brian Jackson, Brigham Young University Dhondy, Farrukh (1944 ) by Florence Dsouza, University of Lille III Dicaearchus (350 (?) 285 (?)) by David Mirhady, Simon Fraser University Dickens, Charles (1812 1870) by Grahame Smith, University of Stirling Dickey, James (1923 1997) by Ernest Suarez, The Catholic University of America Dickinson, Emily (1830 1886) by Margaret H. Freeman, Myrifield Institute for Cognition and the Arts Diderot, Denis (1713 1784) by David J. Adams, University of Manchester Didion, Joan (1934 ) by Krista Comer, Rice University Diop, Cheikh Anta (1923 1986) by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Diski, Jenny (1947 ) by Gerd Bayer, Universität Erlangen-Nuernberg Disraeli, Benjamin (1804 1881) by Marjorie Bloy, Independent Scholar Döblin, Alfred (1878 1957) by Juan-Fadrique Fernández, University of Seville Doctorow, E. L. (1931 ) by Winifred Farrant Bevilacqua , Università Degli Studi di Torino Dodsley, Robert (1703 1764) by I. R. F. Gordon, Emeritus, Anglia Ruskin University Dohm, Hedwig (1831 1919) by Samantha Michele Riley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Domett, Alfred (1811 1887) by Jenny Robin Jones, Independent Scholar Donaghy, Michael (1954 2004) by William Thompson, Troy University Donizetti, Gaetano (1797 1848) by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Donne, John (1572 1631) by David Reid, University of Stirling Donoso, Jose (1924 1996) by Donald Shaw, University of Virginia Dorfman, Ariel (1942 ) by Jason Jolley, Missouri State University Dorn, Ed (1929 1999) by Alastair Wisker, formerly of Ruskin College Dostoevsky, Fyodor (1821 1881) by Richard Peace, University of Bristol Doughty, Charles Montagu (1843 1926) by Stephen Tabachnick, The University of Memphis Douglas Home, William (1912 1992) by Hélène Catsiapis, Ecole Centrale de Lille Douglas, Norman (1868 1952) by Grove Koger, Boise Public Library, Idaho Douglass, William (1691 (?) 1752) by Dove, Rita (1952 ) by Cecilia Donohue, Madonna University Dovlatov, Sergei (1941 1990) by David Gillespie, University of Bath Doyle, Arthur Conan (1859 1930) by Rosemary Jann, George Mason University Doyle, Roddy (1959 ) by Ellen McWilliams, Bath Spa University Drabble, Margaret (1939 ) by Sylvia Bailey Shurbutt, Shepherd University Drayton, Michael (1563 (?) 1631) by Angus Vine, University of Cambridge Dreiser, Theodore (1871 1945) by Jude Davies, University of Winchester Drinkwater, John (1882 1937) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Droste-Hülshoff, Annette von (1797 1848) by Martha B. Helfer, Rutgers State University of New Jersey Drummond of Hawthornden, William (1585 1649) by David Reid, University of Stirling Dryden, John (1631 1700) by Anne Barbeau Gardiner, CUNY, John Jay College Du Bellay, Joachim (1522 1560) by John Parkin, University of Bristol Du Bois, W. E. B. (1868 1963) by Robert W. Williams, Bennett College Du Chaillu, Paul Belloni (1831 (?) 1903) by John Miller, University of Glasgow Du Maurier, Dame Daphne (1907 1989) by Sue Zlosnik, Manchester Metropolitan University and Avril Horner, Kingston University Dubé, Marcel (1930 ) by Leonard Doucette, Independent Scholar Dubus, Andre (1936 1999) by Elizabeth Grubgeld, Oklahoma State University Duck, Stephen (1705 1756) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Duckworth, Marilyn (1935 ) by Janet Wilson, University of Northampton Dudek, Louis (1918 2001) by Medrie Purdham , McGill University Duff, Alan (1950 ) by Otto Heim, University of Hong Kong Duffy, Carol Ann (1955 ) by Angelica Michelis, Manchester Metropolitan University Duggan, Maurice (1922 1974) by Joel Gwynne, University of Hull Dunbar, Paul Laurence (1872 1906) by Jonathan Daigle, University of Wisconsin, Madison Dunbar, William (1460 (?) 1520 (?)) by Karen Elaine Smyth, University of East Anglia Duncan, Isadora (1877 1927) by Alexandra Carter, University of Middlesex Duncan, Robert (1919 1988) by James Maynard, University of Buffalo Duncan, Sara Jeannette (1861 1922) by Anna Snaith, King's College, University of London Dunn, Nell (1936 ) by Sebastian Groes, Liverpool Hope University Dunne, Finley Peter (1867 1936) by John Lowe, Louisiana State University Dunstan, Saint (910 (?) 988) by Stewart Brookes, Kings College London Duras, Marguerite (1914 1996) by Renate Günther, University of Sheffield Durer, Albrecht (1471 1528) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Durkheim, Emile (1858 1917) by Warren Schmaus, Illinois Institute of technology Durrell, Lawrence (1912 1990) by Grove Koger, Boise Public Library, Idaho Dürrenmatt, Friedrich (1921 1990) by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Dustan, Guillaume (1965 2005) by Oliver Davis, University of Warwick Dutt, Toru (1856 1877) by Nishi Pulugurtha, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, University of Calcutta Dwight, Timothy (1752 1817) by Colin Wells, St Olaf College Dyer, John (1699 1757) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Dylan, Robert (1941 ) by Richard Marggraf Turley, University of Wales, Aberystwyth Ebejer, Francis (1925 1993) by Marco Galea, University of Malta Ebner-Eschenbach, Marie von (1830 1916) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Eddy, Mary Baker Glover (1821 1910) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Edgar (943 (?) 975) by Timothy Bolton, Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies, University of Oslo Edgeworth, Maria (1768 1849) by Laura McGrane, Haverford College Edwards, Richard (1524 (?) 1566) by Ros King, University of Southampton Egan, Pierce (1772 1849) by Stephen Carver, Fukui University Einstein, Albert (1879 1955) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Eisenstein, Seigel ( ) by Andrew Eynon, Llandrillo College Eldred-Grigg, Stevan (1952 ) by James Smithies, University of Canterbury, NZ Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122 1204) by Judith M. Davis, Goshen College Eliot, George (1819 1880) by Nathan Uglow, Trinity and All Saints College, Leeds Eliot, John (1604 1690) by Kathryn Napier Gray, University of Plymouth Eliot, T. S. (1888 1965) by Marianne Thormahlen, University of Lund Elkin, Stanley (1930 1995) by David C. Dougherty, Loyola College, Maryland Elliott, Ebenezer (1781 1849) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Ellis, Bret Easton (1964 ) by Clare Thomlinson, Independent Scholar Ellis, Sarah (1799 1872) by Vicky Simpson, University of New Brunswick Ellison, Ralph (1913 1994) by A. Yemisi Jimoh, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Ellroy, Lee (1948 ) by Stuart Sim, University of Sunderland Else Lasker-Schüler (1869 1945) by Nina Berman, Ohio State University Emecheta, Buchi (1944 ) by Femi Nzegwu, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803 1882) by Joseph Thomas, Caldwell College Empson, William (1906 1984) by Matthew Bevis, University of Sheffield Endo, Shusaku (1923 1996) by John Netland, Calvin College Engel, Marian (1933 1985) by Christl Verduyn, Mount Allison University Engels, Friedrich (1820 1895) by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Ennius, Quintus (239 BCE (?) 169 BCE (?)) by Jackie Elliott, University of Colorado Ensing, Riemke (1939 ) by Kon Kuiper, University of Canterbury, NZ Ephrem the Syrian (306 (?) 373) by Kees den Biesen, Radboud University Nijmegen Epicharmus (540 (?) 450 (?)) by Kathryn Bosher, Northwestern University Equiano, Olaudah (1745 (?) 1797) by Vincent Carretta, University of Maryland Erasmus, Desiderius (1467 (?) 1536) by Laurel Carrington, St Olaf College
Erdrich, Louise (1954 ) by Susan Forsyth, Independent Scholar Eschenbach, Wolfram von (1170 (?) 1220 (?)) by Marion E. Gibbs, University of London Esenin, Sergei Aleksandrovich (1895 1925) by Gordon McVay, University of Bristol Este, Isabella d' (1474 1539) by Carolyn James, Monash University Etherege, Sir George (1634 (?) 1691) by Dawn Lewcock, formerly of the Institute of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge Evans, Caradoc (1878 1945) by Chris Hopkins, Sheffield Hallam University Evasco, Marjorie (1953 ) by David Jones, Open University Evelyn, John (1620 1706) by Gillian Darley, Centre for Editing Lives and Letters Everson, William (1912 1994) by Robert Brophy, California State University, Long Beach Evtushenko, Evgenii (1933 ) by Michael Pursglove, Independent Scholar Ewing, Juliana Horatia (1841 1885) by Jenny Litster, University of Edinburgh Ezekiel, Nissim (1924 2004) by Nishi Pulugurtha, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, University of Calcutta Faber, Frederick William (1814 1863) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Fanon, Frantz (1925 1961) by Peter Childs, University of Gloucestershire Farhoud, Abla (1945 ) by Louise Forsyth, University of Saskatchewan Farrar, Frederic William (1831 1903) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Farrell, J. G. (1935 1979) by John McLeod, University of Leeds Farrell, James T. (1904 1979) by Susan Rochette-Crawley, University of Northern Iowa Faulkner, William (1897 1962) by John Lowe, Louisiana State University Fennario, David (1947 ) by Robert Nunn, Brock University (Retired) Fenollosa, Ernest Francisco (1853 1908) by Leon Surette, University of Western Ontario Fergusson, Robert (1750 1774) by Alan McKenzie, Purdue University Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1919 ) by Alastair Wisker, formerly of Ruskin College Fernando, Chitra (1935 1998) by Yasmine Gooneratne, Emeritus Professor, Macquarie University Fernando, Lloyd (1926 2008) by Mohammad Quayum, International Islamic University Malaysia Ferrier, Susan Edmonstone (1782 1854) by Donna Heddle, UHI Millennium Institute Fet, Afanasii (1820 1892) by Michael Pursglove, Independent Scholar Feuchtwanger, Lion (1884 1958) by Ian Wallace, Emeritus Professor of German, University of Bath Feuerbach, Ludwig (1804 1872) by Rodney F. Taylor, Truman State University Feydeau, Georges (1862 1921) by Noëlle Benhamou, I.U.T. of Oise, Université de Picardie Jules Verne Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762 1814) by Rodney F. Taylor, Truman State University Field, Michael (1846 1914) by Simon Avery, University of Hertfordshire Fielding, Henry (1707 1754) by Thomas R. Cleary, University of Victoria, British Columbia Fielding, Sarah (1710 1768) by Linda Bree, University of Cambridge Filmer, Sir Robert (1588 (?) 1653) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Finch, Anne (1661 1720) by Jennifer Donald, University of Glasgow Findley, Timothy (1930 ) by Lisa Salem-Wiseman, Humber Institute, Toronto Firth, Charles Harding (1857 1936) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Fisher, Vardis (1895 1968) by Joseph M. Flora, University of North Carolina Fitch, George (1877 1915) by David Rachels, Virginia Military Institute FitzGerald, Edward (1809 1883) by A.D.P. Briggs, University of Bristol Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896 1940) by Anne M Daniel, Princeton University Fitzgerald, Zelda (1900 1947) by Sylvia Bailey Shurbutt, Shepherd University Flaubert, Gustave (1821 1880) by Tim Unwin, University of Bristol Flecker, James Elroy (1884 1915) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Fleming, Paul (1609 1640) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Fletcher, Eliza (1770 1857) by Dorothy McMillan, University of Glasgow Fletcher, John (1579 1625) by Sandra Clark, Birkbeck College, University of London Flint, F. S. (1885 1960) by Michael J. Copp, University of Cambridge Florio, John (1553 (?) 1625) by William Hamlin, Washington State University Foer, Jonathan Safran (1977 ) by Philippe Codde, Ghent University Fontane,Theodor (1819 1898) by Petra Rau, University of Portsmouth Foote, Horton (1916 ) by Laurin Porter, University of Texas at Arlington Forché , Carolyn (1950 ) by Amy Kepple Strawser, Otterbein College Ford, Ford Madox (1873 1939) by Sara Haslam, Open University Ford, John (1586 1639 (?)) by Lisa Hopkins, Sheffield Hallam University Ford, John (1894 1973) by Charles Barr, University of East Anglia Forester, C. S. (1899 1966) by Sanford Sternlicht, Syracuse University Forrest, Leon (1937 1997) by Aline Gauger, University of Stuttgart Forster, E. M. (1879 1970) by Peter Childs, University of Gloucestershire Foster, David (1944 ) by Narelle Shaw, University of Tasmania Foster, Norm (1949 ) by Ed Mullaly, University of New Brunswick Foucault, Michel (1926 1984) by Andrew Thacker, University of Ulster at Jordanstown Fowler, William (1560 (?) 1612) by Sebastiaan Johan Verweij, University of Glasgow Fowles, John (1926 2005) by William Stephenson, University of Chester Foxe, John (1516 1587) by Adrian Streete, Queens University Belfast Frame, Janet (1924 2004) by Jenny Lawn, Massey University Franck, Julia (1970 ) by Alexandra Merley, University of Massachusetts Amherst François Rabelais (1494 (?) 1553) by Max Gauna, University of Sheffield Frankau, Gilbert (1884 1952) by Alyson Pendlebury, University of Southampton Franklin, Benjamin (1706 1790) by Alberto Lena, University of Exeter Franz Fühmann (1922 1984) by Dennis Tate, University of Bath Frayn, Michael (1933 ) by Karen Charmaine Blansfield, Independent Scholar Frazer, Sir James (1854 1941) by Robert Fraser, Open University Freeman, Edward Augustus (1823 1892) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Freke, Elizabeth (1642 1714) by Raymond Anselment, University of Connecticut Frémont, John Charles (1813 1890) by Douglas J Canfield, University of Arizona Freneau, Philip (1752 1832) by Richard J. Ring, John Carter Brown Library, Brown University Freud, Sigmund (1856 1939) by Scott Brewster, The University of Salford Fried, Erich (1921 1988) by Steven W. Lawrie, University of Aberdeen Friedan, Betty (1921 2006) by Melissa Deary, University of Hull Friedell, Egon (1878 1938) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Friedman, Kinky (1944 ) by Stuart Sim, University of Sunderland Friel, Brian (1929 ) by Alison O'Malley Younger, University of Sunderland Frisch, Max (1911 1991) by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Frischmuth, Barbara (1941 ) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Frobenius, Leo (1873 1938) by Leon Surette, University of Western Ontario Fromm, Erich (1900 1980) by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Frost, Robert (1874 1963) by Jonathan N. Barron, University of Southern Mississippi Froude, James Anthony (1818 1894) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Frye, Northrop (1912 1991) by Darrell Dobson, University of Toronto Fuentes, Carlos (1928 ) by Sophie Lavoie, University of New Brunswick Fugard, Athol (1932 ) by Craig McLuckie, Okanagan University College Gaboriau, Emile (1832 1873) by Andrea Goulet, University of Illinois Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900 2002) by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Gaddis, William (1922 1998) by Peter Dempsey, University of Sunderland Gaiman, Neil (1960 ) by Bernice Murphy, Trinity College, Dublin Gale, Zona (1874 1938) by Deborah Williams, Iona College Gallegos, Rómulo (1884 1969) by Donald Shaw, University of Virginia Galsworthy, John (1867 1933) by Sanford Sternlicht, Syracuse University Galt, John (1779 1839) by Hans B. de Groot, University of Toronto Gandhi, Mahatma (1869 1948) by Satish Aikant, Garhwal University García, Cristina (1958 ) by Marta Caminero-Santangelo, University of Kansas García Lorca, Federico (1898 1936) by Federico Bonaddio, Kings College, London García Márquez, Gabriel (1928 ) by Jay Corwin, University of Waikato Gardiner, Marguerite (1789 1849) by Harriet Devine, Edge Hill University Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1829 1902) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Gardner, John (1933 1982) by Robert Daly, State University of New York, Buffalo Garland, Hamlin (1860 1940) by Max Lester Loges, Lamar University Garner, Alan (1934 ) by Charles Butler, University of the West of England Gaskell, Elizabeth (1810 1865) by Josie Billington, University of Liverpool Gauden, John (1605 1662) by Joad Raymond, University of East Anglia Gautier, Théophile (1811 1872) by Leisha Lecointre, Independent scholar Gay, John (1685 1732) by I. R. F. Gordon, Emeritus, Anglia Ruskin University Gee, Maurice (1931 ) by Peter Beatson, Massey University Gélinas, Gratien (1909 1999) by Leonard Doucette, Independent Scholar Gellhorn, Martha (1908 1998) by Kate McLoughlin, University of Glasgow Gellius, Aulus (125 (?) 178 (?)) by Leofranc Holford-Strevens, Oxford University Press Genet, Jean (1910 1986) by D. H. Jones, University of Exeter Geoffrey of Monmouth (1090 (?) 1155) by Judith Weiss, Robinson College, University of Cambridge George, Stefan (1868 1933) by Christophe Fricker, Duke University Ghali, Waguih (1930 1969) by Susie Thomas, Independent Scholar Ghose, Manmohan (1867 1924) by Nishi Pulugurtha, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, University of Calcutta Ghose, Zulfikar (1935 ) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Ghosh, Amitav (1956 ) by John Thieme, University of East Anglia Giardina, Denise (1951 ) by Sylvia Bailey Shurbutt, Shepherd University Gibbon, Edward (1737 1794) by Robert Mankin, Université de Paris VII Gibbons, Stella (1902 1990) by Faye Hammill, Cardiff University Gibson, Wilfrid (1878 1962) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Gibson, William (1948 ) by Tatiani Rapatzikou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Gide, André (1869 1951) by Teresa Prudente, University of Turin Gilbert, Sir William S. (1836 1911) by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Gildas (497 (?) 570) by Hugh Magennis, Queens University Belfast Gildon, Charles (1665 1724) by Penny Pritchard, University of East Anglia Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1860 1935) by Denise Knight, State University of New York, Cortland Gilpin, William (1724 1804) by Zoë Kinsley, Liverpool Hope University College Ginsberg, Allen (1926 1997) by Alastair Wisker, formerly of Ruskin College Gissing, George (1857 1903) by David Grylls, University of Oxford Gladilin, Anatolii (1935 ) by Boris Lanin, Russian Academy of Education, Moscow Gladstone, William Ewart (1809 1898) by Mark Llewellyn, University of Liverpool Glasgow, Ellen (1874 1945) by Catherine Rainwater, St. Edward's University Glaspell, Susan Keating (1876 1948) by Barbara Ozieblo, University of Malaga Glenday, John (1952 ) by Christine McPhee, Independent Scholar Glyn, Elinor (1864 1943) by Louise Harrington, Cardiff University Godard, Jean-Luc (1930 ) by Asbjørn Grønstad, University of Bergen Godden, Rumer (1907 1998) by Louise Harrington, Cardiff University Godwin, William (1756 1836) by Andrew McCann, University of Melbourne Goering, Reinhard (1887 1936) by Christophe Fricker, Duke University Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749 1832) by Ellis Dye, Macalester College Gogol, Nikolai (1809 1852) by Faith Wigzell, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Golding, William (1911 1993) by William Stephenson, University of Chester Goldoni, Carlo (1707 1793) by Laura Favero Carraro, University of Padua Goldsmith, Oliver (1730 (?) 1774) by Paul Baines, University of Liverpool Gombrowicz, Witold (1904 1969) by Ewa Thompson, Rice University Goncharov, Ivan (1812 1891) by Nora Malone, Independent Scholar Goncourt, Edmond de (1822 1896) by Barbara Giraud, Oxford Brookes University Goncourt, Jules de (1830 1870) by Barbara Giraud, Oxford Brookes University Gonne, Maude (1866 1953) by George Cusack, Auburn University, Montgomery Goodman, Allegra (1967 ) by Ranen Omer-Sherman, University of Miami Gookin, Daniel (1612 1687) by Louise A. Breen, Kansas State University Goonewardene, James (1921 1997) by Prashani Rambukwella, Independent Scholar Gordimer, Nadine (1923 ) by Dominic Head, University of Nottingham Gore, Catherine (1799 1861) by Dinah Roe, University of Hertfordshire Gorky, Maxim (1868 1936) by Alexandra Smith, University of Edinburgh Goto, Hiromi (1966 ) by Sally Chivers, Trent University Gowdy, Barbara (1950 ) by Dana Medoro, University of Manitoba Gower, John (1330 (?) 1408) by Karen Elaine Smyth, University of East Anglia Gramsci, Antonio (1891 1937) by James Martin, Goldsmiths College, University of London Grand, Sarah (1854 1943) by Lyssa Randolph, University of Worcester Grant, Anne Macvicar (1755 1838) by Pam Perkins, University of Manitoba Grass, Günter (1927 ) by Sigrid Mayer, Professor Emirata, University of Wyoming Grau, Shirley Ann (1929 ) by Gerald Preher, University of Versailles Graves, Robert (1895 1985) by Patrick Quinn, University of Northampton Gray, Alasdair (1934 ) by Camille Manfredi, University of Brest Gray, Alexander (1882 1968) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Gray, Robert (1945 ) by Stephen McInerney, Campion College, Australia Gray, Thomas (1716 1771) by Alan McKenzie, Purdue University Green, Henry (1905 1973) by Elizabeth Barry, University of Warwick Green, John Richard (1837 1883) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Greene, Graham (1904 1991) by Joe Nordgren, Lamar University Greene, Robert (1558 1592) by Matthew Woodcock, University of East Anglia Gregory, Alyse (1884 1967) by Barbara Ozieblo, University of Malaga Gregory, Augusta, Lady (1852 1932) by George Cusack, Auburn University, Montgomery Greig, Andrew (1951 ) by Kirsty Macdonald, Orkney College Greimas, A. J. (1917 1992) by Marie-Eve Ritz, University of Western Australia Greville, Sir Fulke (1554 1628) by David Reid, University of Stirling Griboedov, Aleksandr Sergeevich (1795 1829) by Michael Pursglove, Independent Scholar Grice, Paul (1913 1988) by Siobhan Chapman, University of Liverpool Griffiths, Niall (1966 ) by David Ian Paddy, Whittier College Griffiths, Trevor (1935 ) by Michael Patterson, Independent Scholar Griggs, Sutton E. (1872 1933) by Harish Chander, Shaw University Grigorovich, Dmitri (1822 1898) by Michael Pursglove, Independent Scholar Grillparzer, Franz (1791 1872) by Dagmar C. G. Lorenz, University of Illinois, Chicago Grimm, Jacob (1785 1863) by Ruth B. Bottigheimer, State University of New York, Stony Brook Grimmelshausen, Johannes Jacob Christoffel von (1621 (?) 1676) by Alfred D. White, Cardiff University Grimshaw, William (1708 1763) by Faith Cook, Independent Scholar Grosseteste, Robert (1175 1253) by John Flood , University of Oxford Grossman, Vasilii (1905 1964) by Boris Lanin, Russian Academy of Education, Moscow Grotowski, Jerzy (1933 1999) by Amanda di Ponio, University of St Andrew's Grove, Frederick Philip (1879 1948) by Colin Hill, University of Toronto Grün, Max von der (1926 2005) by Steven W. Lawrie, University of Aberdeen Gryphius, Andreas (1616 1664) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Guarini, Giovanni Battista (1538 1612) by Federico Schneider, University of Mary Washington Guillaume de Machaut (1300 (?) 1377) by Kate Maxwell, University of Glasgow Guillaume de Machaut (1300 (?) 1377) by Kate Maxwell, University of Glasgow Guillén, Nicolás (1902 1989) by Thea Pitman, University of Leeds Gunn, Neil (1892 1973) by Kirsten Matthews, University of Glasgow Gunn, Thom (1929 2004) by Kevin L. Tuliszewski, Loyola College, Maryland and Syracuse University, with consultation by David Dougherty, Loyola College, Maryland Gunning, Susannah (1740 (?) 1800) by Pam Perkins, University of Manitoba Günter de Bruyn (1926 ) by Dennis Tate, University of Bath Gurik, Robert (1932 ) by Leonard Doucette, Independent Scholar Gurney, A. R. (1930 ) by Arvid Sponberg, Valparaiso University, Indiana Haggard, Henry Rider (1856 1925) by Victoria Manthorpe, Independent Scholar Hakluyt, Richard (1552 1616) by Patrick McHenry, Columbus State University Haliburton, Thomas Chandler (1796 1865) by Richard Atterbury Davies, Acadia University Halkett, Lady Anne (1621 (?) 1699) by Suzanne Trill, University of Edinburgh Hall, Edward (1498 (?) 1547) by Dominique Goy-Blanquet, Université de Picardie Jules Verne Halley, Edmond (1656 1742) by The Editors , Hamann, Johann Georg (1730 1788) by John R. Betz, Loyola College, Maryland Hamidul Haq, Kaiser (1950 ) by Mohammad Quayum, International Islamic University Malaysia Hamilton, Cicely (1872 1952) by Jean Chothia, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge Hamilton, Elizabeth (1756 (?) 1816) by Pam Perkins, University of Manitoba Hamilton, Patrick (1904 1962) by John Mepham, Kingston University Hammett, Dashiell (1894 1961) by Lee Horsley, University of Lancaster Hamsun, Knut (1859 1952) by Martin Humpal, Charles University, Prague Handke, Peter (1942 ) by David Coury, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay Hankin, St John (1869 1909) by Jean Chothia, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge Hardinge, William Money (1854 1916) by Billie Inman, University of Arizona (Retired) Hardy, Thomas (1840 1928) by Jane Thomas, University of Hull Hare, David (1947 ) by Aleks Sierz, Independent Scholar Harefoot, Harald (1013 1040) by Timothy Bolton, Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies, University of Oslo Harjo, Joy (1951 ) by Annette Van Dyke, University of Illinois at Springfield Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1825 1911) by Terry Novak, Johnson & Wales University Harris, Wilson (1921 ) by Hena Maes-Jellinek, Université de Liège Harrison, Frederic (1831 1923) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Harrison, Jane (1850 1928) by Leon Surette, University of Western Ontario Harrison, Tony (1937 ) by Ian Copestake, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt Harsdörffer, Georg Philipp (1607 1658) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Harte, Bret (1836 1902) by Axel Nissen, University of Oslo Harte, Walter (1709 1774) by The Editors , Harthacnut (1017 1042) by Timothy Bolton, Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies, University of Oslo Hartley, David (1705 1757) by Jeffrey Side, Independent Scholar Hartlib, Samuel (1600 (?) 1662) by John Young, Sussex University Hass, Robert (1941 ) by Terrence Doody, Rice University Hassler, Jon (1933 2008) by Deanna Evans, formerly of Bemidji State University Hastings, Selina (1707 1791) by Faith Cook, Independent Scholar Hastings, Warren (1732 1818) by Andrew McCann, University of Melbourne Hatchett, William (1701 (?) 1768 (?)) by Patrick Spedding, Monash University Hauptmann, Gerhart (1862 1946) by Raleigh Whitinger, University of Alberta Haushofer, Marlen (1920 1970) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Havel, Vaclav (1936 ) by Andrew Christensen, Charles University, Prague Havelock, Eric A. (1903 1988) by Dan Fredrick, Eckerd College Havergal, Frances Ridley (1836 1879) by Eslyn Blaize, Independent Scholar Hawkes, John (1925 1998) by Rita Ferrari, Independent Scholar Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804 1864) by Robert Daly, State University of New York, Buffalo Haydon, Benjamin Robert (1786 1846) by David Higgins, University of Leeds Hays, Mary (1760 1843) by Mary Waters, University of California, Davis Hazlitt, William (1778 1830) by James Mulvihill, University of Alberta Hazzard, Shirley (1931 ) by Karen Brooks, University of the Sunshine Coast Head, Bessie (1937 1986) by Hershini Bhana, University of California Riverside Heaney, Seamus (1939 ) by Steven Matthews, Oxford Brookes University Heath, George (1844 1869) by Patrick Regan, Independent Scholar Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770 1831) by Patricia Simpson, Montana State University Heidegger, Martin (1889 1976) by Timothy Clark, Durham University Hein, Christoph (1944 ) by David Clarke, University of Bath Heine, Heinrich (1797 1856) by Paul Reitter, Ohio State University Heinlein, Robert (1907 1988) by William Patterson, The Heinlein Scholar 2003-2005, University of California, Santa Cruz Heisenberg, Werner (1901 1976) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Hejinian, Lyn (1941 ) by Jeffrey Gray, Seton Hall University Hélvetius, Claude-Arien (1715 1771) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Hemans, Felicia (1793 1835) by Natasha Aleksiuk Duquette, Taylor University College Hemingway, Ernest (1899 1961) by Robert E. Fleming, University of New Mexico Hemyng, Bracebridge (1841 1901) by Dick Collins, Independent Scholar Henley, W. E. (1849 1903) by Joseph M. Flora, University of North Carolina Henryson, Robert (1425 (?) 1500 (?)) by Karen Elaine Smyth, University of East Anglia Hensel, Kerstin (1961 ) by Jill Twark, East Carolina University Herbert, George (1593 1633) by David Reid, University of Stirling Herbert, Henry William (1807 1858) by Stephen E. Meats, Pittsburg State University Herbert, John (1926 2001) by Robert Wallace, York University, Canada Herbert, Zbigniew (1924 1998) by Ewa Thompson, Rice University Herbst, Josephine (1892 1969) by Angela E. Hubler, Kansas State University Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744 1803) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Hermlin, Stephan (1915 1997) by Wolfgang Ertl, University of Iowa Herrick, Robert (1591 1674) by Glyn Pursglove, University of Wales, Swansea Hervé, Gérald (1928 1998) by Hervé Baudry, University of Coimbra Hesse, Hermann (1877 1962) by Gunther Gottschalk, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Heyer, Georgette (1902 1974) by Diana Wallace, University of Glamorgan Heym, Stefan (1913 2001) by Dennis Tate, University of Bath Heywood, John (1497 (?) 1580 (?)) by Nicoletta Caputo, University of Florence Highway, Tomson (1951 ) by Laura Moss, University of British Columbia Hilbig, Wolfgang (1941 ) by Jennifer Marston William, Purdue University Hildegard of Bingen (1098 1179) by Constant J. Mews, Monash University Hill, Errol (1921 2003) by The Editors , Hill, Geoffrey (1932 ) by Andrew M Roberts, University of Dundee Hill, Susan (1942 ) by Val Scullion, Open University Himes, Chester (1909 1984) by Norlisha Crawford, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Hincmar of Rheims (806 882) by Gabriella Corona, University of York Hinojosa-Smith, Rolando (1929 ) by M. Carmen Gomez-Galisteo, Universidad de Alcala Hitchcock, Alfred (1899 1980) by Charles Barr, University of East Anglia Hitler, Adolf (1889 1945) by George C. Browder, State University of New York, Fredonia Hoban, Russell (1925 ) by Alida Allison, San Diego State University and Yvonne Studer, Independent Scholar Hobbes, John Oliver (1867 1906) by Ariel Gunn, The University of Florida Hobbes, Thomas (1588 1679) by Laurie Bagby, Kansas State University Hoby, Sir Thomas (1530 1566) by Thomas Olsen, State University of New York, New Paltz Hoccleve, Thomas (1369 (?) 1426) by Matthew Boyd Goldie, Rider University Hoffmann, E. T. A. (1776 1822) by Petra Rau, University of Portsmouth Hoffmannswaldau, Christian Hoffmann von (1616 1679) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Hofmannsthal, Hugo von (1874 1929) by Thomas A. Kovach, University of Arizona Hogan, Linda (1947 ) by Annette Van Dyke, University of Illinois at Springfield Hogarth, William (1697 1764) by I. R. F. Gordon, Emeritus, Anglia Ruskin University Hogg, James (1770 1835) by Gillian Hughes, University of Stirling Hoggart, Richard (1918 ) by Michael Bailey, Leeds Metropolitan University Holcroft, M. H. (1902 1993) by James Smithies, University of Canterbury, NZ Hölderlin, Friedrich (1770 1843) by Karin Schutjer, University of Oklahoma Holinshed, Raphael (1525 (?) 1580 (?)) by Dominique Goy-Blanquet, Université de Picardie Jules Verne Hollinghurst, Alan (1954 ) by Bart Eeckhout, University of Antwerp Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809 1894) by Bryce Traister, University of Western Ontario Holtby, Winifred (1898 1935) by Chris Willis, formerly of London Metropolitan University Home, John (1722 1806) by Jim Owen, Columbus State University Homer (750 BCE (?) 650 BCE (?)) by Martin Mueller, Northwestern University Hone, William (1780 1842) by John Gardner, Anglia Ruskin University Hongo, Garrett (1951 ) by Mary Slowik, Pacific Northwest College of Art Hope, Thomas (1769 1831) by Jerry Nolan, Independent Scholar Hopkins, Gerard Manley (1844 1889) by Frank Fennell, Jr., Loyola University, Chicago Horkheimer, Max (1895 1973) by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Hornberger, H. Richard (1923 1997) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Hosain, Attia (1913 1998) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Hove, Chenjerai (1956 ) by Ranka Primorac, University of New York in London Howard, Richard (1929 ) by David Bergman, Towson University Howe, Julia Ward (1819 1910) by Leonardo Buonomo, University of Trieste Howells, William Dean (1837 1920) by Michael Anesko, Pennsylvania State University Hudgins, Andrew (1951 ) by Ed Eberhart, Troy University Hudson, W. H. (1841 1922) by Patrick Early, Independent Scholar Huey, Long (1893 1935) by Cecilia Donohue, Madonna University Hughes, Langston (1902 1967) by Matthew R. Hofer, University of New Mexico Hughes, Ted (1930 1998) by Carol Bere, Independent Scholar Hugo, Victor (1802 1885) by Bradley Stephens, University of Bristol Hulme, Keri (1947 ) by Margery Fee, University of British Columbia Hulme, TT. E. (1883 1917) by Michael Whitworth, Merton College, University of Oxford Hume, David (1711 1776) by Robert Mankin, Université de Paris VII Hurston, Zora Neale (1891 1960) by Yvonne Johnson, Central Missouri State University Husserl, Edmund (1859 1938) by Roy Elveton, Carleton College Hutcheson, Francis (1694 1746) by Daniel Floyd, University of Aberdeen Huxley, Aldous (1894 1963) by Joe Nordgren, Lamar University Huxley, Elspeth (1907 1997) by Elizabeth Oldfield, University of Derby Huxley, T. H. (1825 1895) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Hyde, Robin (1906 1939) by Mary Paul, Massey University Ibsen, Henrik (1828 1906) by Asbjorn Aarseth, University of Bergen Inchbald, Mrs Elizabeth (1753 1821) by Mary Waters, University of California, Davis Ines, Juana (1648 (?) 1695) by Grady C. Wray, The University of Oklahoma Ionesco, Eugène (1912 1996) by Edward Forman, University of Bristol Irving, John Winslow (1942 ) by Leon Lewis, Appalachian State University Irving, Sir Henry (1838 1905) by Christopher Goode, Independent Scholar Irving, Washington (1783 1859) by Richard Rust, Emeritus, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Iser, Wolfgang (1926 ) by Tom Van Imschoot, Ghent University Isherwood, Christopher (1904 1986) by James J. Berg, Lake Superior College Ishiguro, Kazuo (1954 ) by Sebastian Groes, Liverpool Hope University Jackson, Helen Hunt (1830 1885) by Mary Briscoe, University of Pittsburgh Jackson, Shirley (1916 1965) by Bernice Murphy, Trinity College, Dublin Jacob, Violet (1863 1946) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Jacobs, Harriett (1813 1897) by Terry Novak, Johnson & Wales University Jago, Richard (1715 1781) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Jakobson, Roman (1896 1982) by Vladislava Reznik, University of Durham Jamba, Sousa (1966 ) by Sean Rogers, University of the Witwatersrand James, Henry (1843 1916) by Kate Campbell, University of East Anglia James, Henry (1811 1882) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia James I (1394 1473) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen James, P. D. (1920 ) by Lindsay Sullivan, Cardiff University James VI (1566 1625) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen James, William (1842 1910) by Linda Simon, Skidmore College Jameson, Storm (1891 1986) by Ashlie Sponenberg, University of Pittsburgh Jarman, Derek (1942 1994) by John Mepham, Kingston University Jarman, Mark (1952 ) by William Thompson, Troy University Jarry, Alfred (1873 1907) by Ben Fisher, University of Wales, Bangor Jeffers, Robinson (1887 1962) by Robert Brophy, California State University, Long Beach Jefferson, Thomas (1743 1826) by Hannah Spahn, Free University, Berlin Jeffrey, Francis (1773 1850) by Pam Perkins, University of Manitoba Jelinek, Elfriede (1946 ) by Linda C. DeMeritt, Allegheny College Jennings, Elizabeth (1926 2001) by Stephen McInerney, Campion College, Australia Jenyns, Soame (1704 1787) by Ronald Rompkey, Memorial University of Newfoundland Jewett, Sarah Orne (1849 1909) by Kathleen L. Nichols, Pittsburg State University Jewsbury, Geraldine (1812 1880) by Joanne Wilkes, University of Auckland Jeyaretnam, Philip (1964 ) by Peter Wicks, University of Southern Queensland Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer (1927 ) by Ralph Crane, University of Waikato John Le Carré (1931 ) by Lynn-Dianne Beene, University of New Mexico John of Salisbury (1120 (?) 1180) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Johnson, B. S. (1933 1973) by Phil Tew, University of Central England Johnson, Charles (1679 1748) by Robert Dryden, University of Hartford Johnson, James Weldon (1871 1938) by Robert E. Fleming, University of New Mexico Johnson, Pauline (1861 1913) by Carole Gerson, Simon Fraser University Johnson, Samuel (1709 1784) by Philip Smallwood, University of Central England Johnson, Uwe (1934 1984) by Jennifer Marston William, Purdue University Johnston, Wayne (1958 ) by Kevin Flynn, University of Saskatchewan Johnstone, Christian (1781 1857) by Pam Perkins, University of Manitoba Jones, David (1895 1974) by Christine Pagnoulle, Université de Liège Jones, Henry (1851 1929) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Jones, James (1921 1978) by Brian Kent, University of Vermont Jones, Sir William (1746 1794) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Jonson, Ben (1572 (?) 1637) by Matthew Steggle, Sheffield Hallam University Joscelyn., John (1529 1603) by Peter A. Stokes, King's College, London Joshi, Arun (1939 1993) by Pier Paolo Piciucco, University of Turin Josipovici, Gabriel (1940 ) by Monika Fludernik, Universitaet Freiburg Joudry, Patricia (1921 2000) by Anton Wagner, York University, Canada Joyce, James (1882 1941) by Dirk Van Hulle, James Joyce Centre, University of Antwerp Julian of Norwich (1342 (?) 1416 (?)) by Elizabeth Spearing, Independent Scholar Jung, Carl Gustav (1875 1961) by James Patrick Carney, University College Cork Jünger, Ernst (1895 1988) by Marcus Bullock, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Jürgen Habermas (1929 ) by Andrew Edgar, Cardiff University Jussie, Jeanne (1503 1561) by Pollie Bromilow, University of Liverpool Juvenal (55 (?) 140 (?)) by Peter Tennant, University of KwaZulu-Natal Kafka, Franz (1883 1924) by William J. Dodd, University of Birmingham Kaiser, Georg (1878 1945) by Rhys W. Williams, University of Wales, Swansea Kalogeropoulos, Angelos (1959 ) by Dimitrios Magriplis, University of Peloponnese Kambanellis, Iakovos (1922 ) by Gail Holst-Warhaft, Cornell University Kane, Sarah (1971 1999) by Aleks Sierz, Independent Scholar Kanengoni, Alexander (1951 ) by Ranka Primorac, University of New York in London Kant, Immanuel (1724 1804) by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Kapodistrias, Panagiotis (1961 ) by Dimitrios Magriplis, University of Peloponnese Karamzin, Nikolai (1766 1826) by Michael Pursglove, Independent Scholar Kästner, Erich (1899 1974) by James M. Skidmore, University of Waterloo Kaufman, Bob (1925 1986) by Edward Lybeer, University of Pennsylvania Kavadias, Nikos (1910 1975) by Gail Holst-Warhaft, Cornell University Kavan, Anna (1901 1967) by Jennifer Sturm, University of Auckland Kavanagh, Julia (1824 1877) by Amanda Collins, University of Sydney Kawabata, Yasunari (1899 1972) by Roy Starrs, University of Otago Kay, Jackie (1961 ) by David Ian Paddy, Whittier College Keats, John (1795 1821) by Sarah Wootton, Durham University Keble, John (1792 1866) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Kee Thuan Chye (1954 (?) ) by Mohammad Quayum, International Islamic University Malaysia Kehlmann, Daniel (1975 ) by Patricia Simpson, Montana State University Keller, Gottfried (1819 1890) by Gail K. Hart, University of California, Irvine Kempe, Margery (1373 (?) 1439 (?)) by Sarah Salih, King's College, University of London Kempis, Thomas à (1379 1471) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Kennedy, A. L. (1965 ) by Camille Manfredi, University of Brest Kennedy, Walter (1460 (?) 1508 (?)) by Donna Heddle, UHI Millennium Institute Kennedy, William (1928 ) by Vivian Lynch, St. John's University Kent, William (1685 (?) 1748) by Timothy Mowl, University of Bristol Kepler, Johannes (1571 1630) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Kerouac, Jack (1922 1969) by R. J. Ellis, University of Birmingham Kertesz, Imre (1929 ) by Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, Northeastern University and University of Halle-Wittenberg Kesey, Ken (1935 2001) by Bennett Huffman, Concordia University, Portland Keyes, Frances Parkinson (1885 1970) by Laurence W. Mazzeno, President Emeritus, Alvernia College Keyserling, Eduard von (1855 1918) by Patrick Fortmann, University of Illinois, Chicago Kharms, Daniil Ivanovich Iuvachev (1905 1942) by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Khwarizmi (780 (?) 850 (?)) by The Editors Kierkegaard, Søren (1813 1855) by William McDonald, University of New England Kierkegaard, Søren (1813 1855) by William McDonald, University of New England Killens, John Oliver (1916 1987) by Harish Chander, Shaw University Kimenye, Barbara (1939 ) by Elizabeth Oldfield, University of Derby Kimmelman, Burt (1947 ) by Jonathan Curley, New Jersey Institute of Technology Kincaid, Jamaica (1949 ) by Emilia Ippolito, University of Strasbourg King, Stephen (1947 ) by Bernice Murphy, Trinity College, Dublin King, Thomas (1943 ) by Elizabeth Maurer, University of British Columbia Kingsley, Charles (1819 1875) by Robert Fraser, Open University Kingsolver, Barbara (1955 ) by Kimberly Koza, Central College, Iowa Kingston, Maxine Hong (1940 ) by Ruth Maxey, University of Nottingham Kinsella, Thomas (1928 ) by Derval Tubridy, Goldsmiths College, University of London Kipling, Rudyard (1865 1936) by Douglas Kerr, University of Hong Kong Kirkland, Caroline M. (1801 1864) by Nancy A. Walker, formerly of Vanderbilt University Kisch, Egon Erwin (1885 1948) by James M. Skidmore, University of Waterloo Kittler, Friedrich (1943 ) by Deborah Griggs, University of Maryland University College Klein, A. M. (1909 1972) by Zailig Pollock, Trent University Kleist, Heinrich von (1777 1811) by William C. Reeve, Queens University Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1724 1803) by Kevin Hilliard, St. Peter's College, University of Oxford Knatchbull, Elizabeth (1584 1629) by Caroline Bowden, Royal Holloway, University of London Knight, Richard Payne (1750 1824) by Zoë Kinsley, Liverpool Hope University College Knights (1906 1997) by Christopher Joyce, University of Surrey Knister, Raymond (1899 1932) by Colin Hill, University of Toronto Knox, John (1514 (?) 1572) by David Coleman, Queens University Belfast Koch, Christopher John (1932 ) by Jean-François Vernay, Université Toulouse-Le Mirail Koch, Kenneth (1925 2002) by Jordan Sanderson, Auburn University Kok, Ingrid de (1951 ) by Susan Spearey, Brock University Kolatkar, Arun (1932 2004) by Nishi Pulugurtha, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, University of Calcutta Kolmar, Gertrud (1894 1943) by Dagmar C. G. Lorenz, University of Illinois, Chicago Komunyakaa, Yusef (1947 ) by Katarzyna Jakubiak, Millersville University Konrad von Würzburg (1230 (?) 1287) by Maria Dobozy, University of Utah Kosinski, Jerzy (1933 1991) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Kotzebue, August von (1761 1819) by John Osborne, University of Warwick Kraus, Karl (1874 1936) by Andrea Kunne, Vrije University Amsterdam Krechel, Ursula (1947 ) by Amy Kepple Strawser, Otterbein College Kreisel, Henry (1922 1991) by Eugen Banauch, University of Vienna Kristeva, Julia (1941 ) by Margaret Atack , University of Leeds Kuhlmann, Quirinius (1651 1689) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Kundera, Milan (1929 ) by Cristina Sandru, University of Northampton Kunzru, Hari (1969 ) by Richard Brock, University of Calgary Kureishi, Hanif (1954 ) by Bart Moore-Gilbert, Goldsmiths College, University of London Kureishi, Maki (1927 1995) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Kushner, Tony (1956 ) by Les Brookes, Open University Kyd, Thomas (1558 1594) by Rebekah Owens, Independent Scholar La Fontaine, Jean de (1621 1695) by M.T. Oubrier Austin, Independent Scholar Lacan, Jacques (1901 1981) by Charles Shepherdson, State University of New York, Albany Laclos, Pierre Choderlos de (1741 1803) by Simon Davies, Queens University Belfast Laforgue, Jules (1860 1887) by David Evans, University of St Andrews Lahiri, Jhumpa (1967 ) by Ruth Maxey, University of Nottingham Laing, (1927 1989) by Daniel Burston, Duquesne University and Gavin Miller, University of Edinburgh Lamb, Charles (1775 1834) by Joseph Riehl, University of Louisiana Lamb, Lady Caroline (1795 1828) by Paul Douglass, San José State University Lambert, Betty (1933 1983) by Rosalind Kerr, University of Alberta Lancaster, Joseph (1778 1838) by Thomas Duggett, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Landon, Letitia (1802 1838) by Alison Chapman, University of Glasgow Landor, Walter Savage (1775 1864) by Michael Bradshaw, Edge Hill University Langland, William (1330 (?) 1386 (?)) by Stephen Kelly, Queens University Belfast Lanyer, Aemilia (1569 1645) by Susanne Woods, Wheaton College Laplanche, Jean (1924 ) by Nicholas Ray, University of Leeds Larkin, Philip (1922 1985) by Stephen Regan, Durham University Las Casas, Bartolome de (1484 1566) by David Orique, University of Oregon Latimer, Hugh (1485 (?) 1555) by David Coleman, Queens University Belfast Laurence, Margaret (1926 1987) by Tanya Butler, Queens University Lavater, Johann Kaspar (1741 1801) by Matthew Green, University of Nottingham Lawrence, D. H. (1885 1930) by Ivan Phillips, University of Hertfordshire Lawrence, T. E. (1888 1935) by Stephen Tabachnick, The University of Memphis Lazarus, Emma (1849 1887) by Ranen Omer-Sherman, University of Miami Le Guin, Ursula (1929 ) by Dimitra Fimi, Cardiff University Le Nôtre, André (1613 1700) by Ian Thompson, Newcastle University Lead, Jane (1624 1704) by Frances M. Malpezzi, Arkansas State University Leadbeater, Mary (1758 1826) by Averill Buchanan, Queen's University, Belfast Leapor, Mary (1722 1746) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Lear, Edward (1812 1888) by James Williams, University of Cambridge Leavis, F. R. (1895 1978) by Christopher Joyce, University of Surrey Leavis, Q. D. (1906 1981) by Christopher Joyce, University of Surrey Lecky, William (1838 1903) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Lee, Chang-rae (1965 ) by The Editors , Lee, Harriet (1757 1851) by Katharine Rogers, City University of New York Lee, John Alexander (1891 1982) by James Smithies, University of Canterbury, NZ Lee, Sophia (1750 1824) by Katharine Rogers, City University of New York Lee, Stan (1922 ) by Bernice Murphy, Trinity College, Dublin Lehmann, John (1907 1987) by Petra Rau, University of Portsmouth Lehmann, Rosamond (1901 1990) by Petra Rau, University of Portsmouth Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646 1716) by Pauline Phemister, University of Liverpool Leland, Charles Godfrey (1824 1903) by Jodie Poppleton, University of Cardiff Lem, Stanislaw (1921 2006) by Elzbieta Foeller-Pituch, Northwestern University Lennox, Charlotte (1729 (?) 1804) by Amanda Gilroy, University of Groningen Lent, John (1948 ) by Craig McLuckie, Okanagan University College Lenz, J. M. R. (1751 1792) by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Lenz, Siegfried (1926 ) by Marc J. Schweissinger, Cardiff University Leoni, James (1686 1746) by The Editors , Lermontov, Mikhail (1814 1841) by Robert Reid, Keele University Leskov, Nikolai Semenovich (1831 1895) by Faith Wigzell, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Lessing, Doris May (1919 ) by Val Scullion, Open University Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729 1781) by Eva Parra Membrives, University of Seville Lethem, Jonathan (1964 ) by James Peacock, University of Keele Levi, Primo (1919 1987) by Jeannette Baxter, University of East Anglia Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1908 ) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Levinas, Emmanuel (1906 1995) by Emily Brooker Langston, St Johns College, Annapolis Levy, Amy (1861 1889) by Naomi Hetherington, London Metropolitan University Lewes, George Henry (1817 1878) by Kyriaki Hadjiafxendi, University of Exeter Lewis, C. S. (1898 1963) by Peter Schakel, Hope College Lewis, Henry Clay (1825 1850) by Edwin T. Arnold, Appalachian State University Lewis, Matthew (1775 1818) by Stuart Sim, University of Sunderland Lewis, Sinclair (1885 1951) by Robert E. Fleming, University of New Mexico Lewis, Wyndham (1882 1957) by Andrzej Gasiorek, University of Birmingham Liberman, Serge (1942 ) by Richard Freadman, Lingnan University Lill, Wendy (1950 ) by George Belliveau, University of Prince Edward Island Lim, Catherine (1942 ) by Amy Lai, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Lim, Shirley (1943 ) by Amy Lai, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Lim, Suchen Christine (1948 ) by Amy Lai, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Limonov, Eduard (1943 ) by Andrei Rogatchevski, University of Glasgow Lincoln, Abraham (1809 1865) by Christopher Hager, Trinity College Lindsay, Lady Anne (1750 1825) by Dorothy McMillan, University of Glasgow Lindsay, Sir David (1486 (?) 1555) by Donna Heddle, UHI Millennium Institute Lindsay, Vachel (1879 1931) by Lisa Woolley, Wilson College Lippard, George (1822 1854) by Tara Deshpande, University of Leeds Lisieux, Thérèse (1873 1897) by Sophia Deboick, University of Liverpool Lispector, Clarice (1920 1977) by Claire Williams, University of Liverpool Littlewood, Joan, Joan Littlewood (1914 2002) by Sara Freeman, Illinois Wesleyan University Livesay, Dorothy (1909 1996) by Peggy Kelly, University of Ottawa Lochhead, Liz (1947 ) by Lucy Kay, Liverpool Hope University Locke, Anne (1535 (?) 1595 (?)) by Kel Morin-Parsons, Independent Scholar Locke, John (1632 1704) by Mark Goldie, University of Cambridge Lodge, David (1935 ) by Merritt Moseley, University of North Carolina Lomonosov, Mikhail (1711 1765) by Charles Ellis, University of Bristol Longley, Michael (1939 ) by Fran Brearton, Queens University Belfast Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin (1790 1870) by David Rachels, Virginia Military Institute Lonsdale, Frederick (1881 1954) by Hélène Catsiapis, Ecole Centrale de Lille Loos, Anita (1893 (?) 1981) by Faye Hammill, Cardiff University Loranger, Françoise (1913 1995) by Louise Forsyth, University of Saskatchewan Lotman, Juri Mikhailovich (1922 1993) by Edna Andrews, Duke University Lovecraft, H. P. (1890 1937) by Bernice Murphy, Trinity College, Dublin Lovelace, Richard (1618 1657 (?)) by Robert Cummings, University of Glasgow Lowell, Robert (1917 1977) by Steven Axelrod, University of California Riverside Lowry, Malcolm (1909 1957) by Christine Pagnoulle, Université de Liège Lu Xun (1881 1936) by Bonnie S. McDougall, Chinese University of Hong Kong Lucian (120 (?) 180 (?)) by Orestis Karavas, University of the Peloponnese Lucilius (180 BCE (?) 102 BCE (?)) by Catherine Keane, Washington University in St. Louis Luhmann, Niklas (1927 1998) by Patrick Fortmann, University of Illinois, Chicago Lukács, Georg (1885 1971) by Esther Leslie, Birkbeck College, University of London Lummis, Charles F. (1859 1928) by Robert E. Fleming, University of New Mexico Lurie, Alison (1926 ) by Judith Newman, University of Nottingham Luther, Martin (1483 1546) by Albert Labriola, Duquesne University Lydgate, John (1370 (?) 1449) by Claire Sponsler, University of Iowa Lyly, John (1554 (?) 1606) by Leah Scragg, University of Manchester Macaulay, Catherine (1731 1791) by Emrys Jones, University of Cambridge Macbeth (1020 (?) 1057 (?)) by Kenneth Farrow, Warnborough University MacDiarmid, Hugh (1892 1978) by Kirsten Matthews, University of Glasgow MacDonald, Ann-Marie (1959 ) by Shelley Scott, University of Lethbridge MacDonald, George (1824 1905) by Elizabeth Robinson, Texas A&M University Macherey, Pierre (1938 ) by Neil Badmington, Cardiff University Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469 1527) by Andrew Mousley, De Montfort University Mackay, Jessie (1864 1938) by Jenny Robin Jones, Independent Scholar Mackenzie, Henry (1745 1831) by Jim Owen, Columbus State University Mackenzie, Sir Compton (1883 1972) by Howard J. Booth, University of Manchester MacLaverty, Bernard (1942 ) by Liam Harte, University of Manchester MacLean, Alistair (1922 1987) by Chris Willis, formerly of London Metropolitan University Maclean, Sorley (1911 1996) by Moray Watson, University of Aberdeen MacLeish, Archibald (1892 1982) by Theodore Hendricks, Stevenson University MacLennan, Hugh (1907 1990) by Colin Hill, University of Toronto MacLeod, Alistair (1936 ) by Colin Nicholson, University of Edinburgh MacNeice, Louis (1907 1963) by Michael O'Neill, Durham University Macpherson, James (1736 1796) by Dafydd Moore, University of Plymouth Madame de Staël (1766 1817) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Magona, Sindiwe (1943 ) by Dianne Shober, University of Fort Hare Mahler, Gustav (1860 1911) by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Mailer, Norman (1923 2007) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Maimonides (1135 1204) by Maria Angeles Gallego, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid Maitland, Frederic William (1850 1906) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Makin, Bathsua (1600 (?) 1675 (?)) by Patty Hamilton, Union University Makine, Andrei (1957 ) by David Gillespie, University of Bath Malamud, Bernard (1914 1986) by Philip Davis, University of Liverpool Malet, Lucas (1852 1931) by Talia Schaffer, CUNY, Queens College Mallarmé, Stéphane (1842 1898) by Katherine Shingler, University of Nottingham Malory, Sir Thomas (1420 (?) 1471) by Karen Elaine Smyth, University of East Anglia Malouf, David (1934 ) by Nicholas R. Dunlop, University of Birmingham Malraux, André (1901 1976) by Martin Hurcombe, University of Bristol Malthus, Thomas (1766 1834) by Catherine Packham, University of Leeds Mander, Mary Jane (1877 1949) by Rae McGregor, Massey University Mandeville, Bernard de (1670 1733) by E. J. Hundert, formerly of the University of Victoria, British Columbia Mangan, James Clarence (1803 1849) by Derek Littlewood, University of Central England Maniam, K. S. (1942 ) by Peter Wicks, University of Southern Queensland Mann, Emily (1952 ) by Morales Marta Fernandez, University of the Balearic Islands Mann, Heinrich (1871 1950) by Stephen Grollman, Concordia College, Minnesota Mann, Thomas (1875 1955) by Hannelore G. Mundt, University of Wyoming Manning, Henry Edward (1808 1892) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Mannyng, Robert (1280 (?) 1340 (?)) by Ryan Perry, Queens University Belfast Mansfield, first lord; William Murray (1705 1793) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Mansfield, Katherine (1888 1923) by Angela Smith, University of Stirling Mapanje, Jack (1945 ) by Fiona Johnson Chalamanda, University of Stirling Maplet, John (1542 (?) 1592) by Patrick McHenry, Columbus State University Marachera, Dambudzo (1952 1987) by Ranka Primorac, University of New York in London Maracle, Lee (1950 ) by Karen MacFarlane, Mount Saint Vincent University Marcuse, Herbert (1898 1979) by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Mariano, Giambattista (1569 1625) by Maneesha Patel, Columbia University Marie de France (1130 (?) 1200 (?)) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Marivaux, Pierre (1688 1763) by Martial Poirson, Université Paris X Nanterre Markandaya, Kamala (1924 2004) by Claire Chambers, Leeds Metropolitan University Marlowe, Christopher (1564 1593) by Lisa Hopkins, Sheffield Hallam University Maron, Monika (1941 ) by Jennifer Marston William, Purdue University Marot, Clement (1496 (?) 1544) by Robert Hudson, Brigham Young University Marshak, Samuil (1887 1964) by Alexandra Smith, University of Edinburgh Marston, John (1576 1634) by David Stymeist, Queens University Martel, Charles (686 741) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Martial (40 (?) 103) by Art Spisak, Missouri State University Martineau, Harriet (1802 1876) by Valerie Sanders, University of Hull Martyn, Edward (1859 1923) by Jerry Nolan, Independent Scholar Marvell, Andrew (1621 1678) by Claire Warwick, University College London Marx, Karl (1818 1883) by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Mary Queen of Scots (1542 1587) by Sarah Dunnigan, University of Edinburgh Masefield, John (1878 1967) by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Maskelyne, Nevil (1732 1811) by The Editors Mason, Bobbie Ann (1940 ) by Natasha Whitton, Southeastern Louisiana University Massinger, Philip (1583 1640) by Glenn Clark, University of Manitoba Masters, Olga (1919 1986) by Dorothy Jones, University of Wollongong Mather, Cotton (1663 1728) by Alan J. Silva, Hamline University Mather, Increase (1639 1723) by Alan J. Silva, Hamline University Matheson, Richard (1926 ) by Bernice Murphy, Trinity College, Dublin Mathews, Robin (1931 ) by Gregory J. Reid, Université de Sherbrooke Matthews, Brander (1852 1929) by Lawrence Oliver, Texas A&M University Matthews, William (1942 1997) by Terrence Doody, Rice University Maturin, Charles (1782 1824) by Christina Morin, Trinity College, Dublin Maugham, Somerset (1874 1965) by Philip Holden, National University of Singapore Maupassant, Guy de (1850 1893) by Peter Cogman, University of Southampton Mauriac, François (1885 1970) by Edward Welch, University of Durham May, Karl (1842 1912) by Nina Berman, Ohio State University Mayakovsky, Vladimir (1893 1930) by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Mayer, Bernadette (1945 ) by Rodney Phillips, Librarian, University of Arizona Poetry Center Mayhew, Henry (1812 1887) by Anne Humphreys, CUNY, Graduate Centre McBain, Ed (1926 2005) by The Editors , McCabe, Patrick (1955 ) by Ellen McWilliams, Bath Spa University McCarthy, Justin (1830 1912) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading McCarthy, Mary (1912 1989) by Sean A. Witters, University of Vermont McClung, Nellie (1873 1951) by Cecily Devereux, University of Alberta McCoy, Horace (1897 1955) by John Koontz, Drew University McCullers, Carson (1917 1967) by Sue B. Walker, University of South Alabama McDermid, Val (1955 ) by Kate Watson, University of Cardiff McDonagh, Martin (1970 ) by Catherine Rees, University of Wales, Aberystwyth McElroy, Joseph (1930 ) by Steffen Hantke, Sogang University McEwan, Ian (1948 ) by Peter Childs, University of Gloucestershire McGahern, John (1934 2006) by Liam Harte, University of Manchester McGee, Gregory Willia (1950 ) by Christina Stachurski, Independent Scholar McGinley, Phyllis (1905 1978) by Joanna Gill, University of Exeter McGrath, John (1935 2002) by Michael Patterson, Independent Scholar McGuckian, Medbh (1950 ) by Patrick Early, Independent Scholar McHale, Tom (1942 1982) by Martin Kich, Wright State University McIlvanney, William (1936 ) by Ken Newton, University of Dundee McKay, Claude (1899 1948) by Jacob A. Zumoff, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Santa Catarina McPherson, Conor (1970 ) by Mark Schreiber, International University Bremen Mda, Zakes (1948 ) by Megan Jones, University of Cambridge Meisner, Sanford (1905 1997) by Nick Moseley, Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Melville, Elizabeth (1582 (?) 1640 (?)) by Deanna Evans, formerly of Bemidji State University Melville, Herman (1819 1891) by A. Robert Lee, Nihon University, Japan Memmi, Albert (1921 ) by Lia Nicole Brozgal, Harvard University Menander (342 BCE (?) 292 BCE) by Sebastiana Nervegna, Carleton University Mencken, H.L. (1880 1956) by Karen Leick, Ohio State University Méndez, Miguel (1930 ) by Thea Pitman, University of Leeds Meredith, George (1828 1909) by Sue Zlosnik, Manchester Metropolitan University Mérimée, Prosper (1803 1870) by Peter Cogman, University of Southampton Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1908 1961) by Wai-Shun Hung, Seattle University Merrill, James (1926 1995) by Timothy Materer, University of Missouri Merwin, W. S. (1927 ) by Edward Brunner, Southern Illinois University Mesmer, Franz Anton (1734 1815) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Meyer, Conrad Ferdinand (1825 1898) by Gunter H. Hertling, Professor Emeritus, University of Washington Meyerhold, Vsevolod (1874 1940(?)) by Andrew Eynon, Llandrillo College Michaels, Anne (1958 ) by Marita Grimwood, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Middleton, Thomas (1580 1627) by Anja Müller-Wood, University of Mainz Mildmay, Grace (1552 1620) by Linda Pollock, Tulane University Mill, James (1773 1836) by The Editors Mill, John Stuart (1806 1873) by G. F. Scarre, Durham University Millay, Edna St Vincent (1892 1950) by Joel Van Valin, Independent Scholar Miller, Arthur (1915 2005) by Steve Marino, St Francis College Miller, Frank (1957 ) by Terrence Wandtke, Judson University Miller, Henry (1891 1980) by James M. Decker, Illinois Central College Miller, Hugh (1802 1856) by Lyndsay Lunan, University of Glasgow Milton, John (1608 1674) by Joad Raymond, University of East Anglia Mirikitani, Janice (1941 ) by Masami Usui, Doshisha University, Japan Mishima, Yukio (1925 1970) by Roy Starrs, University of Otago Mistral, Gabriela (1889 1957) by Ben Bollig, University of Leeds Mistry, Rohinton (1952 ) by John Eustace, Acadia University Mitchell, David (1969 ) by Nicholas R. Dunlop, University of Birmingham Mitchell, Margaret (1900 1949) by M. Carmen Gomez-Galisteo, Universidad de Alcala Mitchison, Naomi (1897 1999) by Diana Wallace, University of Glamorgan Mitford, Nancy (1904 1973) by Maroula Joannou, Anglia Ruskin University Mo, Timothy (1950 ) by Elaine Ho, University of Hong Kong Mojica, Monique (1954 ) by Richard Knowles, University of Guelph Molière (1622 1673) by Julia Prest, Yale University Momaday, N. Scott (1934 ) by Kathryn Napier Gray, University of Plymouth Montagu, Elizabeth (1720 1800) by Natasha Aleksiuk Duquette, Taylor University College Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689 1762) by Alison Winch, University of Liverpool Montaigne, Michel de (1533 1592) by Max Gauna, University of Sheffield Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat (1689 1755) by David Williams, University of Sheffield Montgomery, L. M. (1874 1942) by Jenny Litster, University of Edinburgh Moodie, Susanna (1803 1885) by Faye Hammill, Cardiff University Moody, Elizabeth (1737 1814) by Mary Waters, University of California, Davis Moore, Alan (1953 ) by Bernice Murphy, Trinity College, Dublin Moore, Dorothy (1612 (?) 1664 (?)) by John Young, Sussex University Moore, George (1852 1933) by Elizabeth Grubgeld, Oklahoma State University Moore, John (1729 1802) by Pam Perkins, University of Manitoba Moore, Julia A. (1847 1920) by David Rachels, Virginia Military Institute Moore, Lorrie (1957 ) by Rachel Lister, Durham University Moore, Marianne (1887 1972) by Peter Wilson, London Metropolitan University Moore, Thomas (1779 1852) by Justin Tonra, National University of Ireland, Galway More, Hannah (1745 1833) by Karen Swallow Prior, Liberty University More, Sir Thomas (1477 1535) by A. D. Cousins, Macquarie University Morel, E. D. (1873 1924) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Morgan, Edwin (1920 ) by Colin Nicholson, University of Edinburgh Morgan, Robert (1944 ) by Sylvia Bailey Shurbutt, Shepherd University Morganwg, Iolo (1747 1826) by Mary-Ann Constantine, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies Mörike, Eduard (1804 1875) by Raleigh Whitinger, University of Alberta Morley, John (1838 1923) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Morrieson, Ronald Hugh (1922 1972) by Jenny Lawn, Massey University Morris, Jan (1926 ) by Gillian Fenwick, University of Toronto Morris, William (1834 1896) by Richard Pearson, University of Worcester Morris, Wright (1910 1998) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Morrison, Toni (1931 ) by A. Yemisi Jimoh, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Morton, Thomas (1576 (?) 1647) by M. Carmen Gomez-Galisteo, Universidad de Alcala Moscherosch, Johann Michael (1601 1699) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California Santa Barbara Mosley, Walter (1952 ) by Stuart Sim, University of Sunderland Motley, Willard (1909 1965) by Robert E. Fleming, University of New Mexico Mourning Dove (1882 (?) 1936) by Lori Muntz, Iowa Wesleyan College Moutzan-Martinengou, Elisavet (1801 1832) by Helen D. Kolias, Cornell University Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756 1791) by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Mphahlele, Es'kia (1919 2008) by Lesibana Rafapa, University of Venda Mudrooroo (1938 ) by Maureen Clark, University of Wollongong Muir, Edwin (1887 1959) by Kirsten Matthews, University of Glasgow Muir, John (1838 1914) by Michael P. Branch, University of Nevada, Reno Mulcaster, Richard (1530 (?) 1611) by Jacqueline Cousin-Desjobert, Université Paris IV-Sorbonne Muldoon, Paul (1951 ) by Ivan Phillips, University of Hertfordshire Muller, Carl (1935 ) by Charles Sarvan, University of Bahrain Müller, Heiner (1929 1995) by John Milfull, University of New South Wales Mun, Thomas (1571 1641) by The Editors , Mungoshi, Charles (1947 ) by Ranka Primorac, University of New York in London Munro, Alice (1931 ) by Robert James McGill, University of East Anglia Murakami, Haruki (1949 ) by Matthew Chozick, Harvard University Murdoch, Iris (1919 1999) by Frances White, Kingston University Murphy, Arthur (1727 1805) by Hsin-yun Ou, National University of Kaohsiung Murphy, Jimmy (1962 ) by Kel Morin-Parsons, Independent Scholar Murray, Albert (1916 ) by Marion Treby, Open University Murray, Charles (1864 1941) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Murray, John (1778 1843) by Mary O'Connell, University College Cork Murray, Judith Sargent (1751 1820) by Terry Novak, Johnson & Wales University Murray, Les (1938 ) by Steven Matthews, Oxford Brookes University Murrell, John (1945 ) by James Dugan, University of Calgary Musil, Robert Elder von (1880 1942) by Stephen D. Dowden, Brandeis University Myers, Walter Dean (1937 ) by Terry Novak, Johnson & Wales University Nabokov, Vladimir (1899 1977) by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Naidu, Sarojini (1879 1949) by Nishi Pulugurtha, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, University of Calcutta Nashe, Thomas (1567 1601) by Melanie Ord, University of West England Neal, John (1793 1876) by Katrin Fischer and Fritz Fleischmann, Babson College, Nekrasov, N. A. (1821 1878) by Michael Ransome, Bristol Grammar School Nekrasov, Victor (1911 1987) by Michael Falchikov, formerly of the University of Edinburgh Nelson, Horatio (1758 1805) by Roger Knight, Greenwich Maritime Institute, University of Greenwich Nennius (800 (?) 850 (?)) by Hugh Magennis, Queens University Belfast Nestroy, Johann (1801 1862) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Newman, John Henry (1801 1890) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Newton, Sir Isaac (1642 1727) by Robert Iliffe, The Newton Project, Imperial College London Nganang, Patrice (1970 ) by Claudia Martinek, University of Cergy-Pontoise, University of Vienna Ngugi wa Thiong'o, James (1938 ) by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Nichols, Peter (1927 ) by Jamie Andrews, The British Library Nicholson, Norman (1914 1987) by Neil Curry, Independent Scholar Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844 1900) by Peter Sedgwick, Cardiff University Nightingale, Florence (1820 1910) by Janet Todd, University of Aberdeen Nin, Anais (1903 1977) by Heather Darcy, Independent Scholar Norris, Frank (1870 1902) by Jude Davies, University of Winchester Nortje, Arthur Kenneth (1942 1970) by Craig McLuckie and Ross Tyner, Okanagan University College Norton, Caroline Elizabeth Sarah (1808 1877) by Sylvia Bailey Shurbutt, Shepherd University Novak, Helga (1935 ) by Amy Kepple Strawser, Otterbein College Novalis (1772 1801) by Dennis F. Mahoney, University of Vermont Nowell, Laurence (1530 (?) 1570 (?)) by Peter A. Stokes, King's College, London Nwapa, Flora (1931 1993) by Femi Nzegwu, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Nyamfukudza, Stanley (1951 ) by Ranka Primorac, University of New York in London O'Brien, Edna (1932 ) by Ellen McWilliams, Bath Spa University O'Brien, Flann (1911 1966) by Carol Taaffe, Trinity College, Dublin O'Brien, Kate (1897 1974) by Louise Harrington, Cardiff University O'Brien, Michael (1965 ) by James McKinnon, University of Toronto O'Brien, Tim (1946 ) by Tobey C. Herzog, Wabash College O'Casey, Sean (1880 1964) by Catherine Rees, University of Wales, Aberystwyth O'Connor, Frank (1903 1966) by Hilary Lennon, Trinity College Dublin O'Connor, Mary Flannery (1925 1964) by Robert James McGill, University of East Anglia O'Hara, Frank (1926 1966) by Daniel Kane, University of Sussex O'Hara, John (1905 1970) by Martin Kich, Wright State University O'Keeffe, John (1747 1833) by Michael D. Swanson, Elizabethtown College O'Neill, Eugene (1888 1953) by Jean Chothia, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge O'Rowe, Mark (1970 ) by Mark Schreiber, International University Bremen Oates, Joyce Carol (1938 ) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Obejas, Achy (1956 ) by Marta Caminero-Santangelo, University of Kansas Ober, Frederick Albion (1849 1913) by Peter Hulme, University of Essex Odoevsky, Vladimir (1804 1869) by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Offenbach, Jacques (1819 1880) by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Ogden, C. K. (1889 1957) by The Editors , Ogot, Grace Akinyi (1930 ) by Elizabeth Oldfield, University of Derby Okigbo, Christopher (1932 1967) by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Okri, Ben (1959 ) by Robert Fraser, Open University Okudzhava, Bulat (1924 1977) by Natalia Gogolitsyna, University of Bristol Olds, Sharon (1942 ) by John Parras, William Paterson University Olesha, Iurii (1899 1960) by Alison Rowley, Concordia University Oliphant, Margaret (1828 1897) by Lis Jay, Oxford Brookes University Oliver, Douglas (1937 ) by Paul March-Russell, University of Kent Oliver, Mary (1935 ) by Rose Lucas, Monash University Olsen, Tillie (1913 (?) 2007) by Jennifer Hoofard, Mills College for Women Ondaatje, Michael (1943 ) by Peter Easingwood, University of Dundee Ong, Walter J. (1912 2003) by Thomas J. Farrell, University of Minnesota Duluth Opie, Amelia (1769 1853) by Shelley King, Queen's University, Ontario Opitz, Martin (1597 1639) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California Santa Barbara Orleans, Charles Duc d' (1394 1465) by Mariana Neilly, Queen's University Belfast Ortiz Cofer, Judith (1952 ) by Rafael Ocasio, Agnes Scott College Orton, Joe (1933 1967) by Kate Dorney, University of Sheffield Orwell, George (1903 1950) by Chris Hopkins, Sheffield Hallam University Osborne, Dorothy (1627 1695) by Kenneth Parker, Emeritus, University of East London Osborne, John (1929 1994) by Andrew Wyllie, University of the West of England Ostenso, Martha (1900 1963) by Alison Calder, University of Manitoba Ousmane, Sembène (1923 2007) by Femi Nzegwu, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Overton, Richard (1620 (?) 1680 (?)) by Roger Pooley, Keele University Ovid (43 BCE 17) by Mandy Green, Durham University Owen, John (1616 1683) by Tim Cooper, University of Otago Owen, Robert (1771 1858) by Jane Moore, Cardiff University Oyeyemi, Helen (1984 ) by Brenda Cooper, University of Capetown Page, P. K. (1916 ) by Medrie Purdham , McGill University Palahniuk, Chuck (1962 ) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Pankhurst, Sylvia (1882 1960) by Marion Wynne Davis, University of Surrey Panych, Morris (1952 ) by Reid Gilbert, Capilano College Paracelsus (1493 / 4 1541) by Urs Leo Gantenbein, The Zurich Paracelsus Project Paretsky (1947 ) by Kate Watson, University of Cardiff Parker, Dorothy (1893 1967) by Bernadette Geyer, Independent Scholar Parker, Matthew (1504 1575) by Peter A. Stokes, King's College, London Parks, Rosa (1913 ) by Cecilia Donohue, Madonna University Parks, Tim (1954 ) by Gillian Fenwick, University of Toronto Parmenides (530 BCE (?) 450 BCE (?)) by Panagiotis Thanassas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Parnell, Thomas (1679 1718) by Paul Baines, University of Liverpool Pascal, Blaise (1623 1662) by William Uzgalis, Oregon State University Pasternak, Boris (1890 1960) by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Pater, Walter (1839 1894) by Billie Inman, University of Arizona (Retired) Patrikios, Titos (1928 ) by Vassilis Manoussakis, University of Peloponnese Paulin, Tom (1949 ) by Scott Brewster, The University of Salford Pavlopoulos, Giorgis (1924 2008) by Dimitrios Magriplis, University of Peloponnese Peacock, Thomas Love (1785 1866) by James Mulvihill, University of Alberta Peake, Mervyn (1911 1968) by G Peter Winnington, Université de Lausanne Pelecanos, George (1957 ) by Stuart Sim, University of Sunderland Pelevin, Viktor (1962 ) by Rajendra Chitnis, University of Bristol Pelletier, Pol (1947 ) by Louise Forsyth, University of Saskatchewan Penn, William (1644 1718) by Philip Gould, Brown University Pepetela (1941 ) by Sean Rogers, University of the Witwatersrand Percy, Thomas (1729 1811) by Nick Groom, University of Bristol Percy, Walker (1916 1990) by Susan Donaldson, College of William and Mary Perkins, Emily (1970 ) by Lydia Wevers, Victoria University Persius (34 62) by Daniel Hooley, University of Missouri Pessoa, Fernando (1888 1935) by K. David Jackson, Yale University Petrarch, Francesco (1304 1374) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Petronius (1 (?) 66) by Timothy J. Moore, University of Texas at Austin Petrushevskaia, Liudmila (1938 ) by Alexandra Smith, University of Edinburgh Petry, Ann Lane (1911 1997) by A. Yemisi Jimoh, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart (1844 1911) by María Dolores Narbona Carrión, University of Malaga Philips, Katherine (1632 1664) by Frances M. Malpezzi, Arkansas State University Phillips, Caryl (1958 ) by Paul Smethurst, University of Hong Kong Piercy, Marge (1936 ) by Sue B. Walker, University of South Alabama Piers, Sarah (1670 (?) 1719) by Holly Faith Nelson, Trinity Western University Pil'niak, Boris (1894 1938) by Michael Falchikov, formerly of the University of Edinburgh Pindar (518 BCE (?) 446 BCE (?)) by Douglas E. Gerber, University of Western Ontario Pinsent, Gordon (1930 ) by David Gardner, University of Toronto Pinsky, Robert (1940 ) by Justin Quinn, Charles University Pinter, Harold (1930 2008) by Andrew Wyllie, University of the West of England Pinto, Isaac de (1717 1787) by The Editors Pirandello, Luigi (1867 1936) by Paolo Chirumbolo, McMaster University Pisan, Christine de (1364 (?) 1430) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Pix, Mary (1666 1709) by Anne Kelley, Independent Scholar Pizarnik, Alejandra (1936 1972) by Fiona Mackintosh, University of Edinburgh and Karl Posso, University of Manchester, Plaatje, Solomon Tshekisho (1876 1932) by Elleke Boehmer, University of Oxford Planck, Max (1858 1947) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Plath, Sylvia (1932 1963) by Steven Axelrod, University of California Riverside Plato (427 BCE (?) 347BCE) by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Platonov, Andrei (1899 1951) by Philip Ross Bullock, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Plautus, Titus Maccius (254 BCE (?) 184 BCE) by Stavros Frangoulidis, University of Crete Poe, Edgar Allan (1809 1849) by Slobodan Sucur, University of Alberta Pollard, Albert Frederick (1869 1948) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Pollock, Mary Sharon (1936 ) by Sherrill Grace, University of British Columbia Pope, Alexander (1688 1744) by I. R. F. Gordon, Emeritus, Anglia Ruskin University Popov, Evgenii Anatol'evich (1946 ) by David Gillespie, University of Bath Popper, Sir Karl (1902 1994) by Anya Plutynski, University of Utah Porter, Katherine Anne (1890 1980) by Darlene Harbour Unrue, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Pound, Ezra (1885 1972) by Peter Wilson, London Metropolitan University Powell, Frederick York (1850 1904) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Powers, J. F. (1917 1999) by Cassandra Nelson, Independent scholar Powers, Richard (1957 ) by Peter Mailloux, The Citadel Military College, Charleston, SC Pratchett, Terry (1948 ) by Kevin P. Smith, Sheffield Hallam University Prentiss, Elizabeth (1818 1878) by Sharon James, Independent Scholar Prest , Thomas Peckett (1810 1859) by Dick Collins, Independent Scholar Price, Reynolds (1933 ) by Marilyn McEntyre, Westmont College Price, Uvedale (1747 1829) by Zoë Kinsley, Liverpool Hope University College Priestley, Joseph (1733 1804) by Simon Mills, Queen Mary, University of London Prince, Oliver Hillhouse (1782 1837) by David Rachels, Virginia Military Institute Propertius, Sextus (50 BCE (?) 16 BCE (?)) by Philip Purchase, Washington University in St. Louis Propp, Vladimir (1895 1970) by Dmitry Olshansky, Group of Lacanian Psychoanalysis Proulx, Annie (1935 ) by Aliki Varvogli, University of Dundee Proust, Marcel (1871 1922) by Marion Schmid, University of Edinburgh Prynne, Jeremy (1936 ) by Paul March-Russell, University of Kent Pseudo-Dionysius (500 (?) 58 (?)) by The Editors Puccini, Giacomo (1858 1924) by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Puig, Manuel (1932 1990) by Donald Shaw, University of Virginia Pullman, Philip (1946 ) by Chris Willis, formerly of London Metropolitan University Purcell, Henry (1659 1695) by Roger Savage, University of Edinburgh Purdy, James (1914 2009) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Pusey, Edward (1800 1882) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Pushkin, Aleksandr (1799 1837) by A.D.P. Briggs, University of Bristol Pynchon, Thomas (1937 ) by Sascha Pöhlmann, Universität Bayreuth Quesnay, François, Marquis de (1694 1774) by Stewart Crehan, Manchester Metropolitan University Quintilian (35 (?) 100 (?)) by Danielle Van Mal-Maeder, Université de Lausanne Rachilde (1860 1953) by Erin Williams Hyman, Cornell University Racine, Jean (1639 1699) by Edward Forman, University of Bristol Radcliffe, Ann (1764 1823) by Caroline Webber, University of Liverpool Rafat, Taufiq (1927 1998) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Raimund, Ferdinand (1790 8936) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Raine, Craig (1944 ) by M. Hunter Hayes, Texas A&M University Ralegh, Sir Walter (1554 (?) 1618) by Katharine Craik, Oxford Brookes University Ramsay, Allan (1684 1758) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Ramus, Petrus (1515 1572) by Emma Wilson, University of St Andrew's Rand, Ayn (1905 1982) by John Lewis, Ashland University Randall, Charlotte (1967 (?) ) by Matthew Harris, Massey University Rands, W. B. (1823 1882) by David Rands, Independent Scholar Rao, Raja (1908 2006) by Satish Aikant, Garhwal University Raspe, Rudolf Erich (1737 1794) by Sarah Kareem, University of Chicago Rasputin, Valentin (1937 ) by David Gillespie, University of Bath Rastell, John (1475 (?) 1536) by Janette Dillon, University of Nottingham Rattigan, Sir Terence Mervyn (1911 1977) by Wendy Pollard, Independent Scholar Ravel, Aviva (1928 ) by Lia Marie Talia, University of Ottawa Ravenhill, Mark (1966 ) by Aleks Sierz, Independent Scholar Read, Sir Herbert (1893 1968) by Michael Whitworth, Merton College, University of Oxford Réda, Jacques (1929 ) by Aaron Prevots, Southwestern University Redgrove, Peter (1932 2003) by Erik Martiny, International School of Aix-en-Provence Redpath, James (1833 1891) by John Koontz, Drew University Reed, Ishmael (1938 ) by Samuel Ludwig, Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse Reeves, William Pember (1857 1932) by James Smithies, University of Canterbury, NZ Reichart, Elisabeth (1953 ) by Linda C. DeMeritt, Allegheny College Reid, Christopher (1949 ) by M. Hunter Hayes, Texas A&M University Reid, Thomas (1710 1796) by Gavin Budge, University of Hertfordshire Reinig, Christa (1926 ) by Amy Kepple Strawser, Otterbein College Relegh, Elizabet (1565 1647 (?)) by Anna Beer, University of Oxford Remarque, Erich Maria (1898 1970) by Alfred D. White, Cardiff University Renault, Mary (1905 1983) by Diana Wallace, University of Glamorgan Rendell, Ruth (1930 ) by Susan A. Rowland, University of Greenwich Repton, Humphry (1752 1818) by Caroline Holmes, Institute of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas (1734 1806) by Peter Wagstaff, University of Bath Reverdy, Pierre (1889 1960) by Hugo Azerad, University of Cambridge Rexroth, Kenneth (1905 1982) by Herbie Butterfield, University of Essex Reynolds, G. W. M. (1814 1879) by Stephen Carver, Fukui University Reznikoff, Charles (1894 1976) by Ranen Omer-Sherman, University of Miami Rhys, Jean (1890 1979) by Peter Hulme, University of Essex Rice, Anne (1941 ) by Gwendolyn Morgan, Montana State University Rich, Adrienne (1929 ) by Carol Bere, Independent Scholar Richards, I. A. (1893 1979) by John Constable, Magdalene College, University of Cambridge Richardson, Dorothy (1748 1819) by Zoë Kinsley, Liverpool Hope University College Richardson, Samuel (1689 1761) by Jennie Batchelor, University of Kent Richler, Mordecai (1931 2001) by Linda Morra, University of British Columbia Ricoeur, Paul (1913 ) by Michael O'Sullivan, University College Cork Ridge, John Rollin (1827 1867) by James W. Parins, University of Arkansas, Little Rock Riding, Laura (1901 1991) by David Reid, University of Stirling Riis, Jacob (1849 1914) by Michael Brooks, West Chester University of Pennsylvania Riley, Joan (1959 ) by Wendy Rountree, North Carolina Central University Rilke, Rainer Maria (1875 1926) by Alfred D. White, Cardiff University Rimbaud, Arthur (1854 1891) by Seth Whidden, Villanova University Ringwood, Gwen Pharis (1910 1984) by Moira Day, University of Saskatchewan Ríos, Isabella (1948 ) by M. Carmen Gomez-Galisteo, Universidad de Alcala Ritsos, Yannis (1909 1990) by Rick Newton, University of Kent Rivera, Tomás (1935 1984) by M. Carmen Gomez-Galisteo, Universidad de Alcala Robbe-Grillet, Alain (1922 2008) by Edmund Smyth, Manchester Metropolitan University Roberts, Michael (1902 1948) by Michael Whitworth, Merton College, University of Oxford Roberts, Michèle (1949 ) by Rosemary White, Northumbria University Roberts, Sir Charles (1860 1943) by Thomas Hodd, University of Ottawa Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758 1794) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Robins, Elizabeth (1862 1952) by Sowon Park, University of Cambridge Robinson, Emma (1818 1890) by Dick Collins, Independent Scholar Robinson, Marilynne (1947 ) by Rachel Lister, Durham University Robinson, Mary Perdita (1758 1800) by Claire Brock, University of Leicester Rochesa, Madeleine de (1520 (?) 1587) by Pollie Bromilow, University of Liverpool Rogers, Jane (1952 ) by Rob Spence, Edge Hill University Rolvaag, O. E. (1876 1931) by Max Lester Loges, Lamar University Ronsard, Pierre de (1524 1585) by John Parkin, University of Bristol Roosevelt, Theodore (1858 1919) by James H. Meredith, USAF Academy, Colorado Rosenberg, Isaac (1890 1918) by Steven Connor, Birkbeck College, University of London Ross MacDonald (1915 1983) by David C. Dougherty, Loyola College, Maryland Ross, Sinclair (1908 1996) by Alison Calder, University of Manitoba Rossetti, Christina (1830 1894) by Vanessa Warne, University of Manitoba Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (1828 1882) by Dinah Roe, University of Hertfordshire Rossetti, William Michael (1829 1919) by Dinah Roe, University of Hertfordshire Rossi, Vittorio (1961 ) by Gregory J. Reid, Université de Sherbrooke Rossini, Gioacchino (1792 1868) by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Roswitha von Gandersheim (930 (?) 973 (?)) by Eva Parra Membrives, Universidad de Sevilla, Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona, and Alfonso Corbacho Sánchez, Universidad de Extremadura, Roth, Gerhard (1942 ) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Roth, Henry (1906 1995) by Stacy Mulder, Ball State University, Davenport University and University of Phoenix Roth, Joseph (1894 1939) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Roth, Patrick (1953 ) by Ingo Roland Stoehr, Kilgore College Roth, Philip (1933 ) by Ranen Omer-Sherman, University of Miami Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712 1778) by Robin Howells, Birkbeck College, University of London Rowley, William (1585 (?) 1626) by David Stymeist, Queens University Rowling, J. K. (1965 ) by Vicky Nagy, Independent Scholar Roy, Arundhati (1961 ) by Miriam Nandi, Universitaet Freiburg Roy, Gabrielle (1909 1983) by Lorna Hutchison, McGill University and Sophie Marcotte, Concordia University , Rudel, Jaufre (1100 ? 1150) by Judith M. Davis, Goshen College Rukeyser, Muriel (1913 1980) by Shira Wolosky, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Runyon, Damon (1884 1946) by Daniel Schwarz, Cornell University Rushdie, Salman (1947 ) by Martina Ghosh-Schellhorn, Universität des Saarlandes Ruskin, John (1819 1900) by Mark Andrew Frost, University of Southampton Rymer, James Malcolm (1814 1884) by Dick Collins, Independent Scholar S. Curtis, Edward (1868 1952) by Mick Gidley, University of Leeds Sa-Ileh, Muhammad Haji (1942 ) by Mohammad Quayum, International Islamic University Malaysia Sacheverell, Henry (1674 (?) 1724) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Sachs, Nelly (1891 1970) by Amy Kepple Strawser, Otterbein College Sade, Marquis de (1740 1814) by Thomas Wynn, University of Exeter Sahgal, Nayantara (1927 ) by Madhubanti Bhattacharyya, University of East Anglia SAID (1947 1989) by Amy Kepple Strawser, Otterbein College Said, Edward (1935 2003) by Bill Ashcroft, University of New South Wales Saint- Simon, Duc de (1675 1755) by The Editors , Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de (1900 1944) by Patrick Early, Independent Scholar Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de (1737 1814) by Tim Reeve, Queen's University Belfast Salernitano, Masuccio (1415 (?) 1474) by Michael Papio, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Salinger, J. D. (1919 ) by John Wenke, Salisbury University Salverson, Laura Goodman (1890 1970) by Daisy Neijmann, University College London Samkange, Stanlake (1922 1988) by Ranka Primorac, University of New York in London Sams, Ferrol (1922 ) by Steven Zani, Lamar University Sancho, Ignatius (1729 ? 1780) by Brycchan Carey, Kingston University Sand, George (1804 1876) by Felicia Gordon, University of Cambridge Sanders, Ed (1939 ) by Kurt Hammer, Harper College Sarang, Vilas (1942 ) by Florence Dsouza, University of Lille III Sargeson, Frank (1903 1982) by Joel Gwynne, University of Hull Saro-Wiwa, Ken (1941 1995) by Craig McLuckie, Okanagan University College Sarton, May (1912 1995) by Sylvia Henneberg, Morehead State University Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905 1980) by Andrew Leak, University College London Saussure, Ferdinand de (1857 1913) by Pierre-Alexis Mevel, University of Nottingham Sayers, Dorothy L. (1893 1957) by Chris Willis, formerly of London Metropolitan University Scalapino, Leslie (1947 ) by Laura Hinton, CUNY, City College Schelling, Friedrich (1775 1854) by Joseph P. Lawrence, College of the Holy Cross Schiller, Friedrich von (1759 1805) by Steven D. Martinson, University of Arizona Schimmelpenninck, Mary Anne (1778 1856) by Natasha Aleksiuk Duquette, Taylor University College Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (1767 1845) by Friederike von Schwerin-High, Pomona College Schlegel, Friedrich von (1772 1829) by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Schneider, Peter (1940 ) by Marike Janzen, Eastern Mennonite University Schnitzler, Arthur (1862 1931) by Petra Rau, University of Portsmouth Schoenberg, Arnold (1874 1951) by Thomas A. Kovach, University of Arizona Schönherr, Karl (1867 1943) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788 1860) by Rodney F. Taylor, Truman State University Schreiner, Olive (1855 1920) by Carolyn Burdett, London Metropolitan University Schubert, Franz (1797 1828) by Thomas A. Kovach, University of Arizona Schulz, Bruno (1892 1942) by Kris Van Heuckelom, Catholic University of Leuven Schulze, Ingo (1962 ) by Heustis Whiteside, Purdue University Schuyler, George Samuel (1895 1977) by Aric Putnam, College of Saint Benedict/ Saint John's University
Schuyler, James (1923 1991) by Rodney Phillips, Librarian, University of Arizona Poetry Center Schwartz, Delmore (1913 1966) by Stephen Hahn, William Paterson University Scott, Alexander (1920 1989) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Scott, Duncan Campbell (1862 1947) by Shelley Hulan, University of Waterloo Scott, Paul (1920 1978) by Peter Childs, University of Gloucestershire Scott, Sir Walter (1771 1832) by Nathan Uglow, Trinity and All Saints College, Leeds Scott, Tom (1918 1995) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Scott, Winfield (1910 1968) by Charles Behlen, Independent Scholar Sears, Djanet (1959 ) by James McKinnon, University of Toronto Sebald, W. G. (1944 2001) by Arthur Williams, University of Bradford Sedgwick, Catharine Maria (1789 1867) by Jenifer Elmore, Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College Seely, John (1834 1895) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Seghers, Anna (1900 1983) by Jean E. Godsall-Myers, Widener University and Jennifer Marston William, Purdue University Selby, Hubert (1928 ) by Martin Kich, Wright State University Self, Will (1961 ) by M. Hunter Hayes, Texas A&M University Selvadurai, Shyam (1965 ) by Neluka Silva, University of Colombo Senghor, Léopold (1906 2001) by Seth, Vikram (1952 ) by Neelam Srivastava, Linacre College, University of Oxford Sewall, Samuel (1652 1730) by Oliver Scheiding, Johannes Gutenberg University Seward, Anna (1742 1809) by Harriet Devine, Edge Hill University Shadwell, Thomas (1641(?) 1692) by Brian Corman, University of Toronto Shakespeare, William (1564 1616) by Lois Potter, University of Delaware Shapiro, Karl (1913 2000) by Diederik Oostdijk, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Sharp, Cecil (1859 1924) by David Atkinson, Independent Scholar Shaw, Angus (1949 ) by Ranka Primorac, University of New York in London Shaw, George Bernard (1856 1950) by Jean Chothia, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge Shelley, Mary (1797 1851) by Graham Allen, University College Cork Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792 1822) by Mark Sandy, Durham University Shelley, Rex (1930 1991) by Peter Wicks, University of Southern Queensland Shepard, Thomas (1604 1649) by Carla Ann McGill, Independent Scholar Sheridan, Frances (1724 1766) by Conrad Brunstrom, National University of Ireland, Maynooth Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751 1816) by Frank Donoghue, Ohio State University Shiau, Daren (1971 ) by Peter Wicks, University of Southern Queensland Shields, Carol Ann (1935 2003) by Wendy Roy, University of Saskatchewan Sholokhov, Mikhail (1905 1984) by Herman Ermolaev, Princeton University Shukshin, Vasilii (1929 1974) by Nicole Christian, Independent Scholar Sidhwa, Bapsi (1938 ) by Muneeza Shamsie, Independent Scholar Sidney, Sir Philip (1554 1586) by Claire Preston, Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge Silko, Leslie (1948 ) by Rebecca Tillett, University of East Anglia Simic, Charles (1938 ) by Irene Hossack, Open University Simison, Greg (1946 ) by Craig Mcluckie and Alexis Ratz, Okanagan University College Simms, William Gilmore (1806 1870) by Stephen E. Meats, Pittsburg State University Simons, Beverley Rosen (1938 ) by Gyllian Raby , Brock University Sinclair, Iain (1943 ) by David Cunningham, University of Westminster Sinclair, Keith (1922 1993) by Peter Lineham, Massey University Sinclair, May (1863 1946) by Leigh Wilson, University of Westminster Sinclair, Upton (1878 1968) by Jacob A. Zumoff, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Santa Catarina Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1904 1991) by James A. Lewin, Shepherd University Singh, Khushwant (1915 ) by Aali A. Rehman, Rajshahi University Siniavsky, Andrei (1925 1997) by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Sitwell, Dame Edith (1887 1964) by Richard Greene, University of Toronto Skelton, John (1460 (?) 1529) by Karen Elaine Smyth, University of East Anglia Smart, Christopher (1722 1771) by Neil Curry, Independent Scholar Smart, Elizabeth (1913 1986) by Andrew Lesk, University of Toronto Smith, Adam (1723 1790) by David Williams, University of Sheffield Smith, Betty (1904 1972) by Michael Brooks, West Chester University of Pennsylvania Smith, Charlotte (1749 1806) by Antje Blank, University of Glasgow Smith, Goldwin (1823 1910) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Smith, Iain Crichton (1928 1998) by Moray Watson, University of Aberdeen Smith, John (1580 1631) by Alan J. Silva, Hamline University Smith, Lee (1944 ) by Linda J. Byrd Cook, Sam Houston State University Smith, Stevie (1902 1971) by William May, Balliol College, University of Oxford Smith, William Gardner (1927 1974) by Alexa Weik, University of Fribourg Smith, Zadie (1975 ) by Chris Willis, formerly of London Metropolitan University Smithers, Leonard (1861 1907) by Gregory Mackie, University of British Columbia Smollett, Tobias (1721 1771) by Ian Campbell Ross, Trinity College, Dublin Smyth, Ethel (1858 1944) by Val Scullion, Open University Snow, C. P. (1905 1980) by Nicolas Tredell, University of Sussex Snyder, Gary (1930 ) by Patrick D. Murphy, University of Central Florida Södergran, Edith (1892 1923) by Benjamin Mier-Cruz, University of California, Berkeley Sohnrey, Heinrich (1859 1948) by Virginia Lewis, Northern State University Sojourner Truth (1797 1883) by The Editors , Sokolov, Sasha (1943 ) by Deborah Hodgkinson, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Sollogub, V. A. (1813 1882) by Michael Pursglove, Independent Scholar Solon (640 BCE 560 BCE) by John Lewis, Ashland University Solzhenitsyn, Aleksander (1918 2008) by Robert Porter, University of Glasgow Somerville, Edith Oenone (1858 1849) by Julie Anne Stevens, Trinity College Dublin Sorokin, Vladimir (1955 ) by David Gillespie, University of Bath Soutar, William (1898 1943) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Southey, Robert (1774 1843) by Lynda Pratt, University of Nottingham Soyinka, Wole (1934 ) by Craig McLuckie, Okanagan University College Spark, Muriel Sarah (1918 2006) by Val Scullion, Open University Speght, Rachel (1597 1630 (?)) by John Flood , University of Oxford Spence, Lewis (1874 1955) by J. Derrick McClure, University of Aberdeen Spenser, Edmund (1552 (?) 1599) by Matthew Woodcock, University of East Anglia Spiel, Hilde (1911 1990) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1942 ) by Stephen Morton, University of Southampton Standing Bear, Luther (1868 1939) by Michelle Raheja, University of California Riverside Stanhope, Eugenia (1729 1783) by Christopher Mayo, Adelphi University Stanhope, Lady Hester (1776 1839) by Catherine Traverso, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Algiers Stanley, Henry Morton (1841 1904) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Stansilavsky, Konstantin (1863 1938) by Nick Moseley, Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Starke, Mariana (1762 1838) by Terry F. Robinson, University of Colorado at Boulder Stead, C. K. (1932 ) by Allan Phillipson, Workers Educational Association Stead, Christina (1902 1983) by Anna Snaith, King's College, University of London Stein, Gertrude (1874 1946) by Karen Leick, Ohio State University Steinbeck, John (1902 1968) by Cecilia Donohue, Madonna University Stephen, Leslie (1832 1904) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Sterne, Laurence (1713 1768) by Carol Watts, Birkbeck College, University of London Sternheim, Carl (1878 1942) by Rhys W. Williams, University of Wales, Swansea Stevens, Wallace (1879 1955) by Lee M. Jenkins, University College Cork Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850 1894) by Eric Massie, University of Stirling Stickland, Eugene (1956 ) by James McKinnon, University of Toronto Stifter, Adalbert (1805 1868) by Catriona Macleod, University of Pennsylvania Still, James (1906 2001) by Ted Olson, East Tennessee State University Stoker Bram (1847 1912) by Valerie Pedlar, Open University Stoppard, Tom (1937 ) by Doris Mader, University of Graz Storm, Theodor (1817 1888) by Petra Rau, University of Portsmouth Stow, Randolph (1935 ) by Anthony Hassall, James Cook University Strachey, Lytton (1880 1932) by Barry Spurr, University of Sydney Strand, Mark (1934 ) by Richard Jackson, University of Chattanooga Strassburg, Gottfried Von (1190 (?) 1250 (?)) by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Straub, Peter (1943 ) by Bernice Murphy, Trinity College, Dublin Strauss, Botho (1944 ) by Pamela S. Saur, Lamar University Strauss, David Friedrich (1808 1874) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Streeruwitz, Marlene (1950 ) by Britta Kallin, Georgia Institute of Technology Strindberg, August (1849 1912) by David Thomas, formerly of The University of Warwick Stuart, Arbella (1575 1615) by Sara Jayne Steen, University of Plymouth Stubbes, Philip (1550 (?) 1593 (?)) by M. J. Kidnie, University of Western Ontario Stubbs, George (1724 1806) by Robin Blake, Independent Scholar Stubbs, William (1829 1901) by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Sturluson, Snorri (1179 1241) by Christopher Abram, University College London Suckling, Sir John (1609 1647) by Glyn Pursglove, University of Wales, Swansea Sullivan, Sir Arthur (1842 1900) by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Sulpicia (100 BCE(?) 100 CE (?)) by Marguerite Johnson, University of Newcastle Supervielle, Jules (1884 1960) by Graham Martin, formerly of University of Edinburgh Süskind, Patrick (1949 ) by Jeffrey T. Adams, University of North Carolina, Greensboro Swenson, May (1913 1989) by Hotelling Zona, Illinois State University Swift, Graham (1949 ) by Wendy Wheeler, London Metropolitan University Swift, Jonathan (1667 1745) by Paul Baines, University of Liverpool Swinburne, Algernon Charles (1837 1909) by Margot Louis, University of Victoria, British Columbia Sylvester, Joshua (1562 (?) 1618) by Frances M. Malpezzi, Arkansas State University Symonds, John Addington (1840 1893) by Howard J. Booth, University of Manchester Synge, EJ. M. (1871 1909) by George Cusack, Auburn University, Montgomery Szirtes, George (1948 ) by John Sears, Manchester Metropolitan University Tacitus, Cornelius (55 115 (?)) by Dylan Sailor, University of California, Berkeley Tagore, Rabindranath (1861 1941) by Mohammad Quayum, International Islamic University Malaysia Tan, Amy (1952 ) by Bella Adams, University of Sunderland Tapahonso, Luci (1953 ) by Rebecca Tillett, University of East Anglia Tartt, Donna (1964 ) by Lindsay Sullivan, Cardiff University Tasso, Torquato (1544 1595) by Jo Ann Cavallo, Columbia University Tate, Allen (1899 1979) by Robert Lesman, Shippensburg University Tate, Nahum (1652 1715) by Brian Corman, University of Toronto Tatersal, Robert (1700 (?) 1750 (?)) by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Taylor, Apirana (1955 ) by Otto Heim, University of Hong Kong Taylor, Drew Hayden (1962 ) by Robert Nunn, Brock University (Retired) Taylor, Edward (1645 (?) 1729) by Jane D. 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G. Lorenz, University of Illinois, Chicago Autobiography by Isabel Duran, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Balfour Declaration by The Editors , Ballad by David Atkinson, Independent Scholar Ballad Stanza by The Editors , Ballade by John Constable, Magdalene College, University of Cambridge Bank Charter Act by The Editors Bank of England founded by Richard Kleer, University of Regina Banking Crisis and the Restriction Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Banks closed by Roosevelt by Lucas Richert, University of London Bantu Authorities Act No 68 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Baroque by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Bathos by The Editors , Battle of Austerlitz, Moravia by The Editors Battle of Austerlitz, Moravia by The Editors Battle of Ayacucho by The Editors Battle of Bad Axe River by The Editors Battle of Blood River by The Editors Battle of Borodino by The Editors Battle of Bosworth by The Editors Battle of Britain -- the Blitz by the Editors Battle of Bunker Hill by The Editors Battle of Cable Street by The Editors , Battle of Edgehill by The Editors Battle of Eylau by The Editors Battle of Fleurus by The Editors Battle of Freidland by The Editors Battle of Fuentes de Onoro by The Editors Battle of Ganja by The Editors Battle of Gravelines ends Spanish Armada's hopes of success by Lucas Richert, University of London Battle of Hastings; the Norman Conquest by Steve Flanders, Queens University Belfast Battle of Jemappes by The Editors Battle of Jena and Auerstadt by The Editors Battle of Lake George by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Battle of Leipzig by The Editors Battle of Little Bighorn by The Editors Battle of Marengo by The Editors Battle of Mentana by The Editors Battle of Navarino by The Editors Battle of New Orleans by The Editors Battle of Novara by The Editors Battle of Plassey ends Mogul threat to British in north-east India by The Editors Battle of Poltava by The Editors Battle of Talavera by The Editors Battle of the Boyne by The Editors Battle of the Nations by The Editors Battle of the Nile (Aboukir) by The Editors Battle of the Somme by The Editors , Battle of Trafalgar by The Editors , Battle of Trocadero by The Editors Battle of Ulm by The Editors Battle of Valmy by The Editors Battle of Wagram by The Editors Battle of Waterloo by Karl White, University College Cork Battle of Weihaiwei: Peace Treaty of Shimonoseki by The Editors Battle of Wounded Knee by Lucas Richert, University of London Battle of Yorktown by The Editors Battle of Yungay by The Editors Battles of Lexington and Concord lead to the siege of Boston by The Editors Bauhaus by Alfred D. White, Cardiff University Beast Epic by The Editors , Beat by Peter Groves, Monash University Beat Generation by Timothy Donahue, Montana University Beatles' First US Tour by Lucas Richert, University of London Belgian War of Independence by The Editors Belgium attacks the Garenganze kingdom by The Editors Benedictines by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Berlin Blockade and Airlift by Lucas Richert, University of London Bidlack Treaty (New Granada Treaty) by Lucas Richert, University of London 'Big Sword' society broken by Chinese authorities by The Editors Bildungsroman by Petra Rau, University of Portsmouth Bill Clinton re-elected US President by Lucas Richert, University of London Bill of Rights (England) by The Editors , Binary Oppositions by Sorcha Fogarty, University College Cork Birmingham, Alabama, church bombing kills four by Lucas Richert, University of London Birmingham Political Union by The Editors American Feminism: Third Wave Women's Movement (USA) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Black Building Workers Act No 27 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Black Death by Ole Jurgen Benedictow, University of Oslo Black Education Act No 47 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Black Land Act No 27 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Black Mountain Poets by James Maynard, University of Buffalo Black (Native) Administration Act No 38 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Black (Native) Amendment Act No 54 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Blacks Resettlement Act No 19 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Blank Verse by The Editors , Blitzkrieg, Dunkirk evacuation, Fall of France by the Editors Bloody Sunday by The Editors , Bloomsbury Group by Barry Spurr, University of Sydney Bluestockings, the by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Board of Agriculture founded by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Boers declare war on Britain by The Editors Bomb on Wall Street by Lucas Richert, University of London Bonaparte advises the Directory against an invasion of England by The Editors Bonaparte consul for life by The Editors Haileybury School by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Bonus march by Lucas Richert, University of London Boshin War by The Editors Boston Massacre by The Editors Boston Police strike by Lucas Richert, University of London Boston Tea Party by The Editors Boustrophedon by The Editors , Bow Street Runners by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Bribery Act by The Editors Bridgewater Canal opens by The Editors , Britain and the USA sign the Jay Treaty by The Editors Britain blockaded by Napoleon by The Editors Britain declares war on France by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Orphic Literature by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Britain declares war on Persia by The Editors Britain experiences serious economic and commercial crisis by The Editors Britain occupies Cyprus by The Editors British Anti-Slavery Society founded by The Editors British Army in India conquers the desert of Sind by The Editors British conquest of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa by The Editors British Indian Army subdues Sikhs in the Punjab by The Editors British naval forces attack Canton by The Editors British oust French from Pondicherry, south-east India by The Editors British ousted from Calcutta by Mogul forces by The Editors British Poetry of World War One by Stuart Sillars, University of Bergen British Political Theatre by Steven Barfield, University of Westminster British recapture Calcutta from Mogul forces by The Editors British Romanticism by Stuart Sillars, University of Bergen British South Africa Company established by The Editors British Union of Fascists by Alyson Pendlebury, University of Southampton Bulgaria rebels against the Ottoman Empire by The Editors Bullion Report by The Editors Greek Wisdom Literature by Nikolaos Lazaridis, University of Nijmegen Burlesque by The Editors , Byliny [Russian Heroic Poems] by Susana Torres Prieto-Hay, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Byronism by Ana-Karina Schneider, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire by The Editors , Cable News Network launched by Lucas Richert, University of London Caesura by Peter Groves, Monash University Calendar Reform by The Editors California admitted to the Union - Compromise of 1850 by Lucas Richert, University of London California claimed for the USA by The Editors Cambridge Platonists by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Canada Act by The Editors Canadian Corn Act by The Editors Canal mania in the Midlands by The Editors Captain Alfred Dreyfus arrested by The Editors Carlsbad Decrees by The Editors Carnival, Carnivalesque, Carnivalisation by Simon Dentith, University of Reading Carolingian Empire by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Carpe Diem by The Editors , Carter pardons draft dodgers by Lucas Richert, University of London Cartwright's power loom by The Editors , Cartwright's power loom by The Editors , Castration Complex by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Catachresis by The Editors , Catalexis by Peter Groves, Monash University Catharsis by The Editors , Catholic Emancipation Act by The Editors , Cato Street Conspiracy by John Gardner, Anglia Ruskin University Cavalier Poets by The Editors , Changes in Copyright by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Chanson de Geste by The Editors , Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by The Editors Charles Manson found Guilty by Lucas Richert, University of London Chartism by John Gardner, Anglia Ruskin University Château de Versailles, and its gardens by Ian Thompson, Newcastle University Cheap Repository Tracts by The Editors , Chiasmus by The Editors , Chicana Literature by Cristina Herrera, Claremont Graduate University Chief Joseph's War by The Editors Childrens Literature by Karin Lesnik-Oberstein, University of Reading China and Japan declare war on each other by The Editors Chinese Literature, 1900 to the present by Bonnie S. McDougall, Chinese University of Hong Kong Chloroform first used as an anaesthetic in childbirth by The Editors Christanisation of the Roman empire by The Editors , Christopher Columbus discovers what will later be called “America” by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Chronotope by Simon Dentith, University of Reading Church Missionary Society founded by The Editors Church of Scotland founded by The Editors , Circulating Libraries by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Cistercians by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Jan Hus begins preaching in Prague by Carl Thompson, Nottingham Trent University Civil List Act by The Editors Civil List reform by The Editors Civil Rights Act of 1875 by Lucas Richert, University of London Civil Rights Bill by Lucas Richert, University of London Civil Rights march in Selma, Alabama, attacked by police by Lucas Richert, University of London Civil Rights march in Washington, DC; Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" speech by Lucas Richert, University of London Civil Service Commission founded by The Editors Civil war breaks out in Nicaragua by Lucas Richert, University of London Expedition sent by Henry of Castile to take control of the Canary Islands by Stephen Rowlstone, Canterbury Christ Church University Clarendon Code by The Editors , Clayton Antitrust Act by Lucas Richert, University of London Clerical Livings by The Editors , Clinton impeachment fails by Lucas Richert, University of London Closed Couplet by The Editors , Chinese encyclopedia entitled Yongluo Dadian is completed by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Codicology by Peter A. Stokes, University of Cambridge Codification of Byzantine laws by Justinian by The Editors , Coffee House, The [Coffee House] by Markman Ellis, Queen Mary, University of London Colchester surrenders to Parliament by Andrew Hopper, University of Leicester Colin Powell named Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff by Lucas Richert, University of London Collective Unconscious by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Columbine High School shootings by Lucas Richert, University of London Comédie-ballet by Julia Prest, Yale University Combination Acts by The Editors , Combination laws partially reinstated by The Editors Commission of Fees begins operations by The Editors Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) founded by Lucas Richert, University of London Committee of Public Safety takes control of the Terror in France by The Editors Commodity Fetishism by Stewart Crehan, Manchester Metropolitan University Commodore Biddle seeks to establish trade relations between the USA and Japan by The Editors Common Measure by John Constable, Magdalene College, University of Cambridge Competence, Linguistic by John Phillips and Chrissie Tan, National University of Singapore Complaint by The Editors , Complementarity Principle by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Completion of the Queen's House, Greenwich by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Conceit by David Reid, University of Stirling Concordia discors by I. R. F. Gordon, Emeritus, Anglia Ruskin University Condemnation of Senator Eugene McCarthy by US Senate by Lucas Richert, University of London Condensation [Verdichtung] by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Conduct Book by Jennie Batchelor, University of Kent Congo PM Patrice Lumumba assassinated in CIA plot by Lucas Richert, University of London Congregationalism by Alan Argent, Congregational Minister Congress approves war against North Vietnam by Lucas Richert, University of London Congress of Vienna by The Editors Congress overrides Nixons veto on Vietnam War by Lucas Richert, University of London Connotation by The Editors , Consonance by The Editors , Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act by The Editors Constancy Principle [Konstanzprinzip] by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire by The Editors , Contagious Diseases Act by The Editors Conventicles Act by The Editors , Convention of Alvensleben by The Editors Convention of Balta-Liman by The Editors Convention of Bloemfontein by The Editors Copyright Act by Jennie Batchelor, University of Kent Corn Laws introduced by The Editors , Cornhill Magazine by Kyriaki Hadjiafxendi, University of Exeter Corporation Act by The Editors , Council of Nicea by The Editors , Counterpoint by Peter Groves, Monash University County Police Act by The Editors Coup detat of 30 Prairal in Paris by The Editors Coup of 18 Fructidor, year V, in Paris by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Couplet by The Editors , Courtly Love, [Amour courtois] by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Covent Garden by The Editors Creation of AFL-CIO by Lucas Richert, University of London Creation of British African squadron by The Editors Crimean War by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Crompton's spinning mule by The Editors , Cuban Missile Crisis by Lucas Richert, University of London Cult of True Womanhood by Rebecca Saulsbury, Florida Southern College Culture Industry by Andrew Edgar, Cardiff University Cursing by Karen O'Brien, University of Western Sydney Custody of Infants Act by The Editors Cybernetics by Niran Abbas, Birkbeck College, University of London Cybertextuality by Ian Lancashire, University of Toronto D-Day - Allied forces land in Normandy by Karl White, University College Cork Dactyl by Peter Groves, Monash University Dada by David Cunningham, University of Westminster Daniel O'Connell is elected to the House of Commons by The Editors Darwinism in Literature by John Holmes, Reading University Dasein by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Days of May by The Editors Dayton Accords: Bosnian, Serb and Croat leaders agree peace by Lucas Richert, University of London Dayton Accords: Bosnian, Serb and Croat leaders agree peace by Lucas Richert, University of London Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) fails to achieve ratification by Lucas Richert, University of London Death of John F. Kennedy Jr. by Lucas Richert, University of London Death of Roosevelt; Truman becomes President by Lucas Richert, University of London Decadence by Anthony Mandal, Cardiff University Deceased Wife's Sister Act by Sarah Brown, Anglia Ruskin University Decembrist Uprising [Movement] of 1825 by Patrick O'Meara, Durham University Declaratory Act by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Declaratory Act (India) by The Editors Decline of the Liberal Party by Stephan Woodhams, Birkbeck, University of London Deconstruction by Simon Morgan Wortham, University of Portsmouth Decree of Star-Chamber Concerning Printing by The Editors , Defamiliarisation by The Editors , Denotation by The Editors , Detective Branch of the Metropolitan Police formed by The Editors Detective Fiction by Chris Willis, formerly of London Metropolitan University Detroit and New York City Riots by Lucas Richert, University of London Deus ex machina by The Editors , Devon Commission on Irish Land by The Editors Dialectic by Andrew Sola, University of Maryland Dialogism, Dialogical by The Editors , Dialogism, Dialogical by The Editors , Diction by The Editors , Diegesis by The Editors , Dime Novels (USA) by Colin Ramsey, Appalachian State University Dionysius / Dionysiac by The Editors , Diplomatic treaty between Britain and China by The Editors Dirge by The Editors , Discourse by Sara Mills, Sheffield Hallam University Discourse Networks by Deborah Griggs, University of Maryland University College Discovery of the human genome by Lucas Richert, University of London Displacement [Verschiebung] by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Dissenters and Nonconformists by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia and Alison Searle, University of Sydney, Dissenters' Chapels Act by The Editors Dissolution of the Monasteries by The Editors , Dissonance by The Editors , Distich by The Editors , Dithyramb by The Editors , Division of the Roman Empire by The Editors , Division of the Roman empire; Diocletian and the Tetrarchy by The Editors , Double-acting high-pressure steam engine invented by Richard Trevithick by The Editors Double-acting high-pressure steam engine invented by Richard Trevithick by The Editors Dow Jones all-time high by Lucas Richert, University of London Dow Jones reaches high by Lucas Richert, University of London Dow Jones record high by Lucas Richert, University of London Drakes Circumnavigation of the Globe by The Editors , Dramatic Irony by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Dream Work [Traumarbeit] by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Dreams in European Literature by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Dreams in European Literature by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Drexel Burnham Lambert pay record fine by Lucas Richert, University of London Duke of York scandal by The Editors Duke of York unsuccessfully invades the Netherlands by The Editors Dutch East India Company, Dutch West India Company by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Dutch found New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island by The Editors Dutch found New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island by The Editors Dutch Republic gains independence from Spain by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Dutch-Spanish War by The Editors Early English Bible Translations by Richard Marsden, University of Nottingham Early Modern Voyages of Discovery and Travel Writing by Jonathan Sell, Universidad de Alcalá Early Welsh Drama by David Klausner, University of Toronto Earthquake before World Series by Lucas Richert, University of London East India Company (1601-1709) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia East India Company (1601-1709) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia East India Company (1709-1784) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia East India Company (1785-1857) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia East India Company acquires Penang off Malay coast by The Editors East India Company Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia East India Company Act 1783 becomes law by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia East India Company granted status of tax collector for Bengal, Bihar and Orissa by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia East India Company, Singapore by The Editors Easter Rising by George Cusack, Auburn University, Montgomery Ecclesiastical Commission by The Editors Eclogue by The Editors , Economic crisis by The Editors Edict of Nantes by The Editors , The Edinburgh Review by Pam Perkins, University of Manitoba Education of Women 1650-1750 by Laura Favero Carraro, University of Padua Ego by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Egotistical Sublime by The Editors Eiffel Tower inaugurated by The Editors Eisenhower announces aid to France by Lucas Richert, University of London Ekphrasis by The Editors Elegy by The Editors , Eli Whitney demonstrates the merits of the mass production of interchangeable parts by The Editors , Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin by The Editors , Elision by Peter Groves, Monash University Elizabeths Golden Speech by The Editors , Elvis Presley dies by Lucas Richert, University of London Canton Register by The Editors El Diario de Mexico by The Editors Sati (or Suttee) abolished in India by The Editors Skaz Narrative by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Emancipation of serfs in Russia by The Editors Emblems and Imprese by Claire Preston, Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge Emperor Francis II abdicates by The Editors Empress cotton mill opens by The Editors Enclosures: 1200-1660 by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Enclosures: 1660-1760 by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Encomium by The Editors , End of Military Draft by Lucas Richert, University of London End of the Terror by The Editors End-stopped-line by The Editors , Endstopped by Peter Groves, Monash University England breaks with Rome - the Henrician Reformation by The Editors , England fears French invasion by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia English Comedians in Germany 1585-1700 by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara English found first colony in Maine by The Editors English settlers found a colony at Charlestown, forerunner of Boston by The Editors Engravers Copyright Bill receives royal assent by The Editors Entail by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Entropy by the Editors Envoy / Envoi by The Editors , Epic by Adeline Johns-Putra, University of Exeter Epigram by The Editors , Epigraph by The Editors , Epilogue by The Editors , Epiphany by The Editors , Episteme by The Editors , Epistemology by The Editors , Epitaph by The Editors , Epithalamion by The Editors , Epithet by The Editors , Era of transcontinental TV begins by Lucas Richert, University of London Estrangement Effect [Verfremdungseffekt] by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Ethics of Reading by Michael O'Sullivan, University College Cork Eulogy by The Editors , Euphuism by Leah Scragg, University of Manchester Exclusion of Catholics from London by The Editors Execution of Gary Gilmore by Lucas Richert, University of London Execution of Louis XVI by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Exeter Book Riddles by Mercedes Salvador, Universidad de Sevilla Existentialism by David E. Cooper, Durham University Expansion of the Normans by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Expressionism by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Exxon Valdez oil spill by Lucas Richert, University of London Fable by I. R. F. Gordon, Emeritus, Anglia Ruskin University Factory Act by The Editors Failed US attempt to liberate US hostages in Tehran by Lucas Richert, University of London Failure of Walcheren expedition by The Editors Fairy Tales by Elizabeth Robinson, Texas A&M University Fall of Rome by The Editors , Fall of the Girondins in France by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Falling Meter by The Editors , Famine; Speenhamland system of Poor Relief by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Fancy by The Editors , Fantastic, The by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Fascism by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Federal Air Traffic Controllers' Strike by Lucas Richert, University of London Federal Reserve System established by Lucas Richert, University of London Feminine line ending or caesura by Peter Groves, Monash University Feminist Detective Fiction by Anna Wilson, University of Birmingham Fenians arrested for planning uprising by The Editors Ferdinand VII of Spain taken prisoner by The Editors Fetishism by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Feudalism abolished in Japan by The Editors Financial crisis in France by The Editors Financial Revolution by Colin Nicholson, University of Edinburgh First Anglo-Afghan War by The Editors First Anglo-Burmese War by The Editors First Anglo-Chinese Opium War by The Editors First Artificial Heart Transplant by Lucas Richert, University of London First Atomic Bomb Tested by The Editors , First atomic submarine by Lucas Richert, University of London First Bank of the United States established by The Editors First battle of Copenhagen by The Editors First black mayors in U.S. by Lucas Richert, University of London First black Supreme Court Justice by Lucas Richert, University of London First black U.S. Senator since reconstruction by Lucas Richert, University of London First black woman elected to Congress by Lucas Richert, University of London First Boeing 747 scheduled flight from New York to London by Lucas Richert, University of London First Book of Common Prayer by The Editors , First Continental Congress by The Editors First Domestic U.S. jet-liner service by Lucas Richert, University of London First European contact with Japan by The Editors , First female member of the House of Representatives by Lucas Richert, University of London First female military generals by Lucas Richert, University of London First Fruits and Tenths by Shelley King, Queen's University, Ontario First functional electric telegraph system produced by The Editors First Hydrogen Bomb test by Lucas Richert, University of London First installation of James Watt's rotary steam engine in a cotton mill by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia First Irish Home Rule bill by The Editors First Jewish MP admitted to the House of Commons - Lionel de Rothschild by The Editors First LPs produced by Lucas Richert, University of London First Maratha War by The Editors First McDonald's opened by Lucas Richert, University of London First national strike in the USA by The Editors First Nations Theatre [Native Canadian Theatre, Canadian Aboriginal Theatre] by Robert Appleford, University of Alberta First nuclear chain reaction by Lucas Richert, University of London First personal computers marketed by Lucas Richert, University of London First Printed Books (Incunubula) by The Editors , First Protestant missionaries in New Zealand by The Editors First Seminole War by The Editors First Sikh War by The Editors First sound-on-film motion picture by Lucas Richert, University of London First subscription cable television service (Home Box Office) established by Lucas Richert, University of London First supersonic flight by Lucas Richert, University of London First transatlantic flight by Lucas Richert, University of London First Transatlantic Steam Voyage by The Editors , First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable by The Editors , First transatlantic telephone cable by Lucas Richert, University of London First transcontinental telephone link by Lucas Richert, University of London First US transcontinental flight by Lucas Richert, University of London First woman governor of a U.S. State by Lucas Richert, University of London First woman in U.S. Cabinet by Lucas Richert, University of London First Woman Supreme Court Justice by Lucas Richert, University of London First woman to fly across Atlantic by Lucas Richert, University of London First Zionist Congress by The Editors Flight of the Kitty Hawk by Lucars Richert, University of London Flyting by The Editors , Folk song (British) by Caroline Jackson-Houlston , Oxford Brookes University Foot by John Constable, Magdalene College, University of Cambridge Ford Motor Co. raises labor wages by Lucas Richert, University of London Ford Motor Company launches the Model T by Lucas Richert, University of London Ford Motor Company sets up moving assembly-line mass production by Lucas Richert, University of London Formal emergence of the Liberal Party in the government of Britain by The Editors Formation of Trades Union Congress by The Editors Foundation of The First International by The Editors , Foundation of the Labour Representation Committee by The Editors Foundation of the London Missionary Society by The Editors Four anti-war protestors killed by National Guard at Kent State by Lucas Richert, University of London Foxites leave the House of Commons by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia France declares war on Austria by The Editors France declares war on Great Britain by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Franco-Prussian War by The Editors Frankfurt School by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Free indirect discourse by Monika Fludernik, Universitaet Freiburg Free Verse by Peter Groves, Monash University French and British attack Madagascar by The Editors French and Indian forces oust British from Adyar by The Editors French and Indian Wars: Anglo-French Conflict in North America by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham French and Indians besiege Fort William Henry by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia French Assembly of Notables convened by The Editors French capture Fort St. David, India by The Editors French Concordat with Catholic church by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia French Declaration of the Rights of man by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia French Estates-General meet by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia French Feminism by Alison Martin, University of Nottingham French national assembly abolishes exemptions from taxes by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia French negotiate trading rights in Pondicherry, India by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia French Revolution by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia French Revolution: Storming of the Bastille by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia French take Madras (south-east India) from the British by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia French War Office accused of anti-Semitism by Emile Zola by The Editors French Wars by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory by Scott Sprenger, Brigham Young University First Partition of Poland by Prussia, Russia, and Austria by The Editors Fugitive Slave Law by Mason Lowance, University of Massachusetts Full-scale bombing of North Vietnam by Lucas Richert, University of London Funeral of Nelson by The Editors , Futurism by David Cunningham, University of Westminster Futurist Exhibition in London by The Editors , Gadsden Purchase by The Editors Gain for Conservatives in the General Election by The Editors Galileo's laws of motion by The Editors Gambling by Laura Favero Carraro, University of Padua Gaols Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Gay Liberation Movement by Tammy Grimshaw, University of Leeds Gay Literature by Gregory Woods, Nottingham Trent University General Agreements on Tariffs and Trades signed by Lucas Richert, University of London General election; William Pitt's political ascendancy confirmed by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia General Pershing enters Mexico by Lucas Richert, University of London General Strike by The Editors , Genre, Genre Theory by Paul Cobley, London Metropolitan University George Wallace shot by Lucas Richert, University of London Georgian Period by The Editors , Georgian Poetry by James Bridges, Independent Scholar Georgic by The Editors , German Baroque Literature by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara German Confederation dissolved by Prussia by The Editors German Courtly Romance by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona German Exile Literature 1933-1945 by Marc J. Schweissinger, University of Cardiff and Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah German Fairy Tales by Ruth B. Bottigheimer, State University of New York, Stony Brook German Literary Salons by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara German Literature of the Holocaust by Alfred D. White, Cardiff University German Novelle [Novella] by Petra Rau, University of Portsmouth German Postcolonial Literature by Nina Berman, Ohio State University German Resistance to National Socialism [The Nazi Party] by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara German Romanticism by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara German-Jewish Literature by Pól Ó Dochartaigh, University of Ulster Germany occupies Jiaozhou Bay by The Editors Gin Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Glencoe Massacre by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Globe Theatre by Glorious Revolution, The by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Gnosticism by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Gold found in Dakota by The Editors Gold Standard dropped by Lucas Richert, University of London Gordon Riots by The Editors Gothic Architecture by The Editors , Gothic Literature by Slobodan Sucur, University of Alberta Gothic Revival by Michael Brooks, West Chester University of Pennsylvania Grand National Consolidated Trades Union founded by The Editors Graphic Novel by The Editors Graveyard Poets by The Editors , Great Crash by The Editors , Great Exhibition and construction of Crystal Palace by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Great Plague by The Editors Greek Wisdom Literature by Nikolaos Lazaridis, University of Nijmegen Group Areas Act No 41 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Grub Street by Peter Heaney, Staffordshire University Grunge Fiction by Jean-François Vernay, Université Toulouse-Le Mirail Gruppe 47 [Group 47] by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Guardianship of Infants Act by The Editors Guelphs and Ghibellines by John Took, University College London Guillotine first used by The Editors Gulf War commences by Lucas Richert, University of London Haiku by The Editors , Haileybury School by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Haiti established as an independent state by The Editors Hampden Clubs founded by The Editors Hargreaves Spinning Jenny by The Editors , Hawaii becomes 50th US State by Lucas Richert, University of London Health and Morals of Apprentices Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Hegemony by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Hemistich by The Editors , Henry Addington revises income tax by The Editors Henry Hudson enters the Hudson River by The Editors Henry Morton Stanley travels from the Congo to the Atlantic by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Heptameter by The Editors , Heroic Couplet by The Editors , Heroic Quatrain by The Editors , Heteroglossia by Simon Dentith, University of Reading Hexameter by The Editors , Highway Act by Lucas Richert, University of London Hiroshima and Nagasaki by The Editors , Historical Novel (British) by Nathan Uglow, Trinity and All Saints College, Leeds Historiographic Metafiction (USA) by Kurt Müller, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Holland House by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Holocaust and Shoah by George C. Browder, State University of New York, Fredonia Holocaust and Shoah by George C. Browder, State University of New York, Fredonia Home Rule Movement by George Cusack, Auburn University, Montgomery Treaty of Nanjing: Hong Kong ceded to the British by The Editors , Horror by Bernice Murphy, Trinity College, Dublin Hottentot Code of 1809 abolished by The Editors House of Commons adopts Nicholas Vansittart's resolutions on value by The Editors House of Commons passes Catholic Relief Bill by The Editors House of Commons votes on the abolition of the slave trade by The Editors House of Lords throws out Second Reform Bill by The Editors Hovering Stress by The Editors , Hubble Space Telescope launched by Lucas Richert, University of London Hudson's Bay Company by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Huey Long assassinated by Lucas Richert, University of London Huguenots in France by The Editors Humanism by Andrew Mousley, De Montfort University Hundred Years' War by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Hurricane Katrina by The Editors , Hyde Park Riots by The Editors , Hyde Park Riots by The Editors , Hydrogen Bomb tested by The Editors , Hyperbole by The Editors , Hysteron Proteron by The Editors , I K Brunel's steamship is launched by The Editors Iambic by The Editors , Iambic pentameter by Peter Groves, Monash University Icelandic Sagas by Diana Whaley, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Ictosyllabic metre by Peter Groves, Monash University Ictothetic metre by Peter Groves, Monash University Id by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Idyll by The Editors , Imaginary, The by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Imagism by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Immigration Act by The Editors Immigration and Naturalization Act by Lucas Richert, University of London Immigration office opened on Ellis Island by The Editors Immigration quota by Lucas Richert, University of London Immorality Amendment Act No 21 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Impressionism by the Editors Inaugural Earth Day by Lucas Richert, University of London Incorporation by Nicholas Ray, University of Leeds Indentured Labour by Christine Pagnoulle, Université de Liège Indeterminacy Principle / Uncertainty Principle by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Indias Partition and the creation of Pakistan by Ayesha Jalal, Tufts University India Bill by The Editors Indian Captivity Narratives by Katrin Fischer, Babson College Indian Councils Act by The Editors Indian Mutiny or Great Revolt by The Editors Indian Removal Act by The Editors Industrial Conciliation No 11 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Industrial Revolution by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Influence by Graham Allen, University College Cork Influenza epidemic by Lucas Richert, University of London Inghinidhe na hÈireann [the Daughters of Erin] by George Cusack, Auburn University, Montgomery Inigo Jones designs the Banqueting House in White Hall by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Inns of Court by Dominique Goy-Blanquet, Université de Picardie Jules Verne Inquisition begins in the Spanish Netherlands by The Editors Inquisition, The by The Editors Integration at University of Mississippi by Lucas Richert, University of London Interior Monologue by John Mepham, Kingston University Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty signed by Lucas Richert, University of London Internal Security (Suppression of Communism) Act No 44 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Interpretation by Ken Newton, University of Dundee Interpretive Community by Ken Newton, University of Dundee Intertextuality by Graham Allen, University College Cork Intolerable Acts by The Editors Introjection by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia England fears French invasion by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Invention of Harrison's sea-going chronometer by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Iran releases US hostages by Lucas Richert, University of London 'Iran-Contra' arms revelations by Lucas Richert, University of London Iranian airliner shot down by Lucas Richert, University of London Iraq destroy U.S. Navy vessel by Lucas Richert, University of London Irish Constabulary Act by The Editors Irish Free State established by George Cusack, Auburn University, Montgomery Irish Gothic by Jarlath Killeen, Trinity College Dublin Irish Home Government Association founded by The Editors Irish Rebellion; Rising of the United Irishmen by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Irish Rebellion; Rising of the United Irishmen by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians) founded by The Editors Ironbridge by The Editors , Ironworks founded by Friedrich Krupp in Germany by The Editors Irony by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Iroquois Kings Visit London by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Isoictic metre by Peter Groves, Monash University Isosyllabic verse by Peter Groves, Monash University Isosyllabics by Peter Groves, Monash University Ivan Boesky pleads guilty by Lucas Richert, University of London Jackie Robinson joins Dodgers by Lucas Richert, University of London Jackson moves against Bank of United States by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Jacobin Novel by Liz Bellamy, Open University Jacobins and Anti-Jacobins by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Jacobite, Jacobitism by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia James VI of Scotland by The Editors , Jameson Raid: invasion of Transvaal by The Editors Jansenism by The Editors , Japan restricts commerce with foreigners by The Editors , Japanese Internment; War Relocation Authority by Lucas Richert, University of London Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev sign Salt II treaty to reduce nuclear weapons by Lucas Richert, University of London Joan of Arc by Dominique Goy-Blanquet, Université de Picardie Jules Verne Joe Louis wins Boxing Championship by Lucas Richert, University of London John Glenn orbits the earth by Lucas Richert, University of London John Lennon assassinated by Lucas Richert, University of London John Winthrop founds Boston by M. Carmen Gomez-Galisteo, Universidad de Alcala Joint Stock Theatre Company by Sara Freeman, Illinois Wesleyan University Jonathan Wild is hanged at Tyburn by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Joseph Bonaparte made king of Spain by The Editors Jouissance by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Jungian Literary Theory by Susan A. Rowland, University of Greenwich Junius 11 by Peter A. Stokes, University of Cambridge Justice Clarence Thomas named to Supreme Court by Lucas Richert, University of London Kailyard School by Craig McLuckie, Okanagan University College Kaiser William II congratulates President Kruger on the Jameson Raid by The Editors Kays Flying Shuttle invented by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Kennedy announces plans to land men on the moon by Lucas Richert, University of London Kennedy proclaims 'New Frontier' in American life by Lucas Richert, University of London Kenya becomes a republic by Lucas Richert, University of London Ketts Rebellion by The Editors , Khrushchev visits U.S. by Lucas Richert, University of London King George's War by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham King Movement demands Maori state by The Editors Kissinger begins peace talks with North Vietnamese by Lucas Richert, University of London Klaus Fuchs convicted of passing atomic secrets to Russia by Lucas Richert, University of London Korean Armistice signed by Lucas Richert, University of London Labour Party by The Editors , Labour Party formed by The Editors Labouring-Class Poets by Stephen Van-Hagen, Edge Hill University Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory by Scott Sprenger, Brigham Young University Lack by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Land Act by The Editors Langue and Parole by John Phillips and Chrissie Tan, National University of Singapore Lapse of the Licensing Act by The Editors , Latency Period by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Latin Riddles [enigmata] by Mercedes Salvador, Universidad de Sevilla Lebenswelt [Lifeworld] by Roy Elveton, Carleton College Legal minimum wage recommended by Maxwell Commission by The Editors Legionnaires disease kills 29 by Lucas Richert, University of London Leitmotiv, Leitmotif by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Levy en Masse Act by The Editors Li-Fournier Convention by The Editors Liberal Anglican Historiography by Mark Nixon, University of Reading Liberal uprising in Spain by The Editors Liberation of Paris by Lucas Richert, University of London Library of America by Joseph Thomas, Caldwell College Licensing Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Lieutenant William Calley found guilty of My Lai massacre by Lucas Richert, University of London Limerick by Peter Groves, Monash University Limitation of Armaments Conference by Lucas Richert, University of London Lin Zexu becomes imperial commissioner in Canton by The Editors Lindbergh baby kidnapped by Lucas Richert, University of London Lindbergh flies New York-Paris by Lucas Richert, University of London Lisbon Earthquake by The Editors , Literature of the GDR by Pól Ó Dochartaigh, University of Ulster Literature of the Weimar Republic by James M. Skidmore, University of Waterloo Litotes by The Editors , Little Rock School-bussing crisis by Lucas Richert, University of London Liverpool Sanitary Act by The Editors Lloyd Georges Peoples Budget by The Editors Locomotive Act by The Editors Logocentrism by Sorcha Fogarty, University College Cork Lollards, Lollardy by Michelle Sauer, Minot State University Louis XVI convokes the Estates-General by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Louis XVI flees Paris by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Louis XVI obliged to leave Versailles by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Luddites by The Editors , Lusitania sunk by Lucas Richert, University of London Luther's Ninety-five Theses by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Lyndon Baines Johnson elected to second term as US President by Lucas Richert, University of London Lyric by The Editors , Maastricht Treaty increases European integration by The Editors MacArthur assumes control of Japan by Lucas Richert, University of London Macbeth by Kenneth Farrow, Warnborough University Macer's Herbal by Karen O'Brien, University of Western Sydney Madrid Conference by The Editors Magic Realism, Magical Realism by Anne Hegerfeldt, Independent Scholar Magna Carta by The Editors , Major power failure in U.S. and Canada by Lucas Richert, University of London Malcolm X assassinated by Lucas Richert, University of London Man Booker Prize by Gillian Fenwick, University of Toronto Manchester anti-slave trade petition by The Editors Maori "Musket Wars" by The Editors Margaret Thatcher becomes prime minister by Tammy Grimshaw, University of Leeds Mark McGwire breaks baseball homerun record by Lucas Richert, University of London Marriage Act by Jennie Batchelor, University of Kent Marriage Act [Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act] by Albert Labriola, Duquesne University Marriage Act [Married Women&146;s Property Act] by The Editors Married Womens Property Act by The Editors Marroon [Maroon] Slaves by Christine Pagnoulle, Université de Liège Marshall Plan, The by Lucas Richert, University of London Martello towers constructed by The Editors Martin Luther King day by Lucas Richert, University of London Martin Luther King spearheads national campaign to end race discrimination by Lucas Richert, University of London Martin Marprelate by The Editors , Masque by Dawn Lewcock, formerly of the Institute of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge Massacres in Paris by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Southern Manifesto: Massive Resistance by Lucas Richert, University of London Masters and Servants Acts by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Matrimonial Causes Act (1873) by The Editors Maxims (Old English) by Paul Cavill, University of Nottingham Mayflower voyage by M. Carmen Gomez-Galisteo, Universidad de Alcala McCarthy launches hunt for US Communists by Lucas Richert, University of London Medgar Evers assassinated by Lucas Richert, University of London Agriculture before the Enclosures by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Medieval Crusades by Malcolm Barber, University of Reading Medieval Manuscript Culture by Mary Swan, University of Leeds Medieval Mysticism by Robert E. Boenig, Texas A&M University Meiosis by The Editors , Mourning and Melancholia by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Mercantilism by The Editors Metafiction by Bernd Engler, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen Metahistory by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Metalanguage by The Editors , Metamorphosis by The Editors , Metaphor by David Punter, University of Bristol Metaphysical Poets by Andrew Mousley, De Montfort University Metonymy by The Editors , Metre / Meter by Peter Groves, Monash University Metropol by David Gillespie, University of Bath Metropolitan Police founded by The Editors Mexican-American War by The Editors Mexican-American War by The Editors Mexico declares a two-year moratorium on foreign debt payments by The Editors Miao people rebel by The Editors Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic radiation by The Editors Middle Ages by Albrecht Classen, University of Arizona Middle English Lyric 1100-1500 by Carl Phelpstead, Cardiff University Millbank Penitentiary opens by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Mimesis by Alfred D. White, Cardiff University Miners' safety lamp invented by Humphry Davy by The Editors Mines Act by The Editors Mines and Works Act No 12 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Minh Mang revives Confucianism in Vietnam by The Editors Ministry of All the Talents by The Editors Minnesang by Marion E. Gibbs, University of London Mirror Stage, The by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Mirza Asadullah dies by The Editors Mise en abyme by The Editors , Modern Tragedy by Ken Newton, University of Dundee Modernism by Peter Childs, University of Gloucestershire Modoc War by The Editors Monica Lewinsky agrees to testify to grand jury by Lucas Richert, University of London Monmouths Rebellion by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Motif by The Editors , Mount St. Helens erupts by Lucas Richert, University of London Mountain Climbing by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Mourning and Melancholia by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Municipal Corporations Act by The Editors Municpal Corporations Act by The Editors Music in Anglo-Saxon England by Carl Phelpstead, Cardiff University Muslims massacred at Dali by The Editors My Lai Massacre by Lucas Richert, University of London Myth by James Patrick Carney, University College Cork NAACP founded by Lucas Richert, University of London NAFTA goes into effect by Lucas Richert, University of London Nagasaki Treaty by The Editors Napoleons Grand Army leaves Boulogne; end of fear of invasion in England by The Editors Napoleons Hundred Days by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Napoleon abdicates; restoration of Louis XVIII by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Napoleon Bonaparte by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Napoleon Bonaparte by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Napoleon Bonaparte crowned Emperor of France by The Editors Napoleon Bonaparte defeats Austrians in Italy by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Napoleon III overthrows the French legislative assembly and constitution by The Editors Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Napoleon III overthrows the French legislative assembly and constitution by The Editors Napoleon marches into Russia by The Editors Napoleon proclaimed King of Italy by The Editors Narcissism (Freudian Concept) by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Narcissus and Echo by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Narrative by Paul Cobley, London Metropolitan University Narratology by David Rudrum, Royal Holloway, University of London National Insurance Act by The Editors National Minimum Wage Act by Lucas Richert, University of London National Organization for Women founded by Lucas Richert, University of London National Socialism, Nazism by George C. Browder, State University of New York, Fredonia National Trust Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia National Vigilance Association - banning of Zolas novels by The Editors Native (Black) Urban Areas Act No 21 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act No 25 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Naturalism by Jude Davies, University of Winchester Negative Capability by The Editors , Negotiations with Panama over Canal by Lucas Richert, University of London Négritude by Jennifer Jahn, University of Cambridge Neo-Classicism, Neoclassicism by I. R. F. Gordon, Emeritus, Anglia Ruskin University Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister by The Editors, New American Cinema by Asbjørn Grønstad, University of Bergen New Constitution in France by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia New Corn Law by The Editors New Criticism by Ken Newton, University of Dundee New French Constitution by The Editors New Japanese Constitution by The Editors New Parishes Act by The Editors New Woman novelists by Talia Schaffer, CUNY, Queens College New York Worlds Fair by Lucas Richert, University of London New Zealand Association founded by The Editors , Newcomen erects first Steam Engine by The Editors , Newgate Prison by Stephen Carver, Fukui University Newman converts to catholicism by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Newspaper Publications Acts by The Editors Newton Laws of Motion by Robert Iliffe, The Newton Project, Imperial College London Nigerian Civil War and Biafra War by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe, Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Dakar Nikolaus Otto builds the internal-combustion engine by The Editors Nine Years War, War of the League of Augsburg, War of the Grand Alliance, King Williams' War, War of the English Succession by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Nixon becomes first US President to step down from office by Lucas Richert, University of London Nixon visits the Soviet Union by Lucas Richert, University of London North American Space Agency (NASA) founded by Lucas Richert, University of London North Atlantic Treaty Organization founded by Lucas Richert, University of London Northcote-Trevelyan Report on Civil Service Reform by The Editors Northern War by The Editors Nostalgia by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Novel of Circulation (It-Narrative, Circulation Narrative) by Liz Bellamy, Open University Nuclear leak at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania by Lucas Richert, University of London Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty by Lucas Richert, University of London O.J. Simpson found not guilty by Lucas Richert, University of London OAS created by Lucas Richert, University of London Object Relations by Sara Wasson, Cornell University Objective Correlative by The Editors , Obscenity Trial of The Well of Loneliness by Rebecca Jennings, University of Manchester Occasional Conformity Act by The Editors , Octosyllabic by The Editors , Ode by The Editors , Odoacer by The Editors Oklahoma bombing by Lucas Richert, University of London Old English Charms by Karen Louise Jolly, University of Hawaii at Manoa Old English Heroic Poetry by Susanne Kries, Universität Potsdam Old English Homilies (Homily) by Mary Swan, University of Leeds Old English Poetic Form by Robert Fulk, Indiana University Old Price Riots by The Editors Onomatopoeia by The Editors , OPEC Oil Embargo by Lucas Richert, University of London Opening of Japan by The Editors , Opera by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Oral Phase by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Orality, Oral Culture, Print Culture by Thomas J. Farrell, University of Minnesota Duluth Orange Order founded in Ulster, Northern Ireland by The Editors Orange Order founded in Ulster, Northern Ireland by The Editors Origins of Greek Tragedy by Richard Seaford, University of Exeter Ossian by Dafydd Moore, University of Plymouth Ottava Rima by The Editors , Ottoman invasion of Greece by The Editors Ottomans sign a peace treaty with Russia by The Editors Overdetermination [Überdeterminierung] by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Overinterpretation by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Oxford Movement by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Oxymoron by The Editors , Paen by The Editors , Paeonic by Peter Groves, Monash University PanAm Boeing destroyed by terrorist bomb above Lockerbie, Scotland by Lucas Richert, University of London Panama Canal Agreement by Lucas Richert, University of London Panama Canal opens by Lucas Richert, University of London Panama Canal Treaty by Lucas Richert, University of London Panama secedes from Colombia, canal works begin by Editors, The Panegyric by The Editors , Papal bull restores Roman Catholic hierarchy in England by The Editors Parallelismus by Peter Groves, Monash University Parameters of Gothic Literature by Slobodan Sucur, University of Alberta Parapraxis by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Paris Commune/ Commune of Paris by The Editors Paris: Royal Palace of Tuileries sacked by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Paris surrounded by The Editors Paris-London Telegraph by The Editors , Parlement of Paris deprived of rights by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Parliament Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Parliament adopts the Presbyterian solemn league and covenant by The Editors Parliament declares monopolies illegal by The Editors Parliamentary enquiry into conduct of Robert Clive of India by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Partition of Palestine, creation of a Jewish state by The Editors , Pastoral by Steven F. Walker, Rutgers University Path across the Australian Blue Mountains discovered by The Editors Pathetic Fallacy by The Editors , Pathfinder satellite explores Mars by Lucas Richert, University of London Patronage Poetry in the English Renaissance by Judith Owens, University of Manitoba Patty Hearst arrested in San Francisco by Lucas Richert, University of London Peace Agreement in Vietnam by Lucas Richert, University of London Peace contract between Great Powers by Lucas Richert, University of London Peace Corps created by Lucas Richert, University of London Peace of Vienna by The Editors Peace treaty by Lucas Richert, University of London Peace treaty at Versailles by The Editors Peace treaty between British and the King of Ashanti by The Editors Peace treaty between Denmark and Prussia by The Editors Peace Treaty of Utrecht: end of the War of Spanish Succession by Robert, Clark, University of East Anglia Peace with France by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Pearl Harbour, US joins World War II by The Editors Peasant uprising in Japan fails by The Editors Peasant's Revolt by James Davis, Queens University Belfast Peninsular War by The Editors Penitentiary Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Pentameter by The Editors , Periphrasis by The Editors , Persona by The Editors , Personification by The Editors , Peterloo Massacre by John Gardner, Anglia Ruskin University Phallic, The by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Phenomenology by Roy Elveton, Carleton College Phenomenology of Language by Roy Elveton, Carleton College Philippines declared an independent republic by Lucas Richert, University of London Photography, its Invention and Early History by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Physiocracy by The Editors Picaresque novel by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Picturesque by Zoë Kinsley, Liverpool Hope University College Pinkertons National Detective Agency founded by The Editors Piracy, Pirates by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Plato and Poetry by Penelope Murray, University of Warwick Platonism, Neo-Platonism, Neoplatonism by Kelsey Wood, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Pluralities Act by The Editors Poet by The Editors , Poetic Licence by The Editors , First Partition of Poland by Prussia, Russia, and Austria by The Editors Polaroid "Instant" camera developed by Lucas Richert, University of London Polio Vaccine invented by Lucas Richert, University of London Political Economy by Stewart Crehan, Manchester Metropolitan University Political Econony Club by The Editors Polyphonic Novel by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Poor Employment Act by The Editors Poor harvest in Britain by The Editors Poor Law by Tim Marshall, University of East Anglia Poor Law Amendment Act; New Poor Law by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Popish Plot and the Exclusion Crisis by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Popular insurrection in Paris by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Population Registration Act No. 30 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Portion by The Editors , Post-colonialism, Postcolonialism by David Huddart, Chinese University of Hong Kong Post-conquest Old English Literature by Mary Swan, University of Leeds Postal Services and Letters by The Editors , PostImpressionism, Post-Impressionism by the Editors Postmodernism by David Coughlan, National University of Ireland Potsdam Conference by Lucas Richert, University of London Poulters Measure by Peter Groves, Monash University Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood by Michael Brooks, West Chester University of Pennsylvania Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood founded by The Editors Preconscious by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Preparations for violence in Paris by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Presidency of Abraham Lincoln by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Calvin Coolidge by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Chester Alan Arthur by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Franklin Roosevelt by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of George W. Bush by Lucas Richert, University of London Vice-President Gerald Ford becomes 38th US President by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Harry S. Truman by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Herbert Hoover by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of James Buchanan by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of James Garfield by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of James Knox Polk by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of John F. Kennedy by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of John Tyler by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Martin Van Buren by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Millard Fillmore by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Presidency of Andrew Johnson by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Presidency of Franklin Pierce by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Richard Nixon by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Ronald Reagan by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Warren G. Harding by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of William 'Bill' Clinton by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of William Henry Harrison by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of William Howard Taft by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of William McKinley by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Woodrow Wilson by Lucas Richert, University of London Presidency of Zachary Taylor by Lucas Richert, University of London President Bush bails out Savings and Loan industry by Lucas Richert, University of London President Clinton announces budget surplus by Lucas Richert, University of London President Clinton denies Monica Lewinski affair by Lucas Richert, University of London President Clinton establishes sexuality policy by Lucas Richert, University of London President Clinton impeached by Lucas Richert, University of London President Clinton invokes emergency powers by Lucas Richert, University of London President Clinton settles with Paula Corbin Jones by Lucas Richert, University of London President Eisenhower re-elected by Lucas Richert, University of London President Johnson meets Soviet Premier Kosygin by Lucas Richert, University of London President Johnson signs Civil Rights Act by Lucas Richert, University of London President Kennedy assassinated; Lyndon Baines Johnson becomes US President by Lucas Richert, University of London President Kennedy declares U.S. advisors in Vietnam will defend themselves by Lucas Richert, University of London President Nixon re-elected with large majority by Lucas Richert, University of London President Nixon visits China by Lucas Richert, University of London President Reagan produces trillion-dollar budget by Lucas Richert, University of London President Reagan shot by Lucas Richert, University of London President Ronald Reagan re-elected by Lucas Richert, University of London President Wilson declares U.S. neutrality by Lucas Richert, University of London Preston mill workers' strike by The Editors Prime Meridian Conference - Greenwich becomes the degree zero by Peter Childs, University of Gloucestershire Prime Meridian Conference - Greenwich becomes the degree zero by Peter Childs, University of Gloucestershire Primogeniture by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Prisoners' Counsel Act by The Editors Pro-British Abdur Rahman Khan gains power in Afghanistan by The Editors Production of H-Bomb by Lucas Richert, University of London Professional Authorship in Britain 1870-1918 by Philip Waller, University of Oxford Prohibition begins by Lucas Richert, University of London Prohibition ends by Lucas Richert, University of London Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act No 55 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Projection by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Proposition 13 in California by Lucas Richert, University of London Prosody by The Editors , Prosopopoeia by Elizabeth Sturgeon, Mount St. Mary's College Prothalamion by The Editors , Proverbs (Old English) by Paul Cavill, University of Nottingham Prussia by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Prussia declares war on France by The Editors Prussia invades Denmark by The Editors Public Health Act by The Editors Public Safety Act No 3 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Publication of the Tyndale New Testament by The Editors , Pun by The Editors , Pure Food and Drug Act; Meat Inspection Act by Lucas Richert, University of London Puritanism by Alison Searle, Anglia Ruskin University Quadruple Alliance of Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by The Editors Quantum Mechanics by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Quartering Act by The Editors Quatrain by The Editors , Queen Anne by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Queen Anne's Bounty by Shelley King, Queen's University, Ontario Queen Elizabeth I by The Editors , Queen Mary I by The Editors , Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India by The Editors Röntgen discovers the X-ray by Stephen Burn, Northern Michigan University Race riots across the United States and North America by Lucas Richert, University of London Race riots in Los Angeles by Lucas Richert, University of London Race riots in Newark and Detroit by Lucas Richert, University of London Radium, Discovery of by The Editors , Railway Mania by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Reagan commences strategic arms reduction talks with USSR by Lucas Richert, University of London Reagan launches 'Star Wars' by Lucas Richert, University of London Real by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Realism (Literary) by Kyriaki Hadjiafxendi, University of Exeter Reality Principle [Realitätsprinzip] by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Rebellion of Essex by Andrew Hopper, University of Leicester Reconstruction Finance Corporation created by Lucas Richert, University of London Reconstruction of Saint Sophia in Constantinople by The Editors , Red River War by The Editors Red scare by Lucas Richert, University of London Reform Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia 'Reform Banquets' in France by The Editors Reform of the Church of England by The Editors Reformation Parliament in England by The Editors , Regency Crisis, Madness of George III by The Editors , Regulating Act (India Act) by The Editors Reign of Charles X of France by The Editors Reign of Henri IV of France by The Editors Reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by The Editors Reign of King Alfred the Great by David Pratt, University of Cambridge Reign of King Athelstan by Timothy Bolton, Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies, University of Oslo Reign of King Cnut by Timothy Bolton, Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies, University of Oslo Reign of King Edward II by Michelle Sauer, Minot State University Reign of King Edward IV by David C. Dougherty, Loyola College, Maryland Reign of King Edward the Confessor by Steve Flanders, Queens University Belfast Reign of King Edward VI by The Editors , Reign of King Edward VII by Martin Kich, Wright State University Reign of King Harald Harefoot by Timothy Bolton, Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies, University of Oslo Reign of King Harold II by Steve Flanders, Queens University Belfast Reign of King Harthacnut by Timothy Bolton, Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies, University of Oslo Reign of King Henry V by Matthew Woodcock, University of East Anglia Reign of King Henry VIII by The Editors , Reign of King James II by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Reign of King Richard II by David C. Dougherty, Loyola College, Maryland Reign of King William III by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Reign of Louis XIII of France by The Editors Reign of Louis XIV of France by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Reign of Louis XV of France by The Editors Reign of Louis XVI of France by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Reign of Louis XVIII of France by The Editors Reign of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine by The Editors Relativity by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Renaissance Romance by Nandini Das, University of Liverpool Repeal of the Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 - Trades Unions permitted by The Editors Repeal of the Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 - Trades Unions permitted by The Editors Repeal of the Corn Laws by The Editors , Repetition Compulsion by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Representation of Blacks Act No 12 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Representation of the People Act by The Editors Republican Party takes majority in House of Representatives by Lucas Richert, University of London Reservation of Separate Amenities Act No 49 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Restoration Theatre by Dawn Lewcock, formerly of the Institute of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge Restriction Act suspends specie payment by banks until one year after the end of the war. by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Resumption of convertibility of bank notes into gold by The Editors Revenge Tragedy by Matthew Woodcock, University of East Anglia Revolutionary societies forbidden by The Editors Revolver handgun patented in USA by The Editors Rhapsody by The Editors , Rhetoric by The Editors , Rhetorical Question by The Editors , Rhyme by John Constable, Magdalene College, University of Cambridge Rhyme Royal by The Editors , Rhyme Scheme by The Editors , Riotous Assemblies (Amendment) Act No 19 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Riotous Assemblies and Suppression of Communism Amendment Act No 15 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Rising Metre by The Editors , The Irish Rebellion of 1798 by The Editors Roanoke Colony founded by The Editors , Robert Kennedy shot and killed by Lucas Richert, University of London Robert Nelson proclaims himself President of Lower Canada by The Editors Robert Owen sets up New Harmony by The Editors Robin Hood by Laurence Belingard, Université d'Avignon Robinsonades by Andrew O'Malley, Ryerson University Rocket technology by Lucas Richert, University of London Roe v. Wade by Lucas Richert, University of London Rohilla War by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Roman à clef by The Editors , Romanesque by The Editors , Romantic Irony by Gerhart Hoffmeister, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Barbara Roosevelt announces state of emergency by Lucas Richert, University of London Roosevelt attempts pack Supreme Court by Lucas Richert, University of London Roosevelt gives Four Freedoms speech by Lucas Richert, University of London Roosevelt signs Income Tax Bill by Lucas Richert, University of London Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus in Alabama by Lucas Richert, University of London Rosenbergs guilty of passing atomic secrets to Russia by Lucas Richert, University of London Royal Academy of Arts by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Royal Jubilee by The Editors Royal Manchester Institution established by The Editors Royal Observatory, Greenwich, founded by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Royalist armies invade eastern France by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Royalist rebellion in Paris by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Run-on Line, Enjambment by Peter Groves, Monash University Rural Electrification Administration by Lucas Richert, University of London Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire by The Editors Russia pulls out of the Continental Blockade by The Editors Russian Calendar by Charles Ellis, University of Bristol Russian Formalism by Emily Van Buskirk, Harvard University Russian Literary Scholarship, 1830-1917 by Andy Byford, Wolfson College, University of Oxford Russian Postmodernism by Rajendra Chitnis, University of Bristol Russian Television by John Dunn, University of Glasgow Russians surrended Sebastopol (Crimean War) by The Editors Rye House Plot by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Sagas of Icelanders [The Icelandic Family Sagas] by Diana Whaley, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Salem Witchcraft Trials by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Sally Ride is first woman in space by Lucas Richert, University of London Samuel Morse granted a patent for electrical telegraphic transmission by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia San Francisco Earthquake by The Editors , Sarawak ceded to James Brooke by Sultan of Brunei by The Editors Satire by I. R. F. Gordon, Emeritus, Anglia Ruskin University Satire and the Academic Novel by Charles Knight, Emeritus, University of Massachusetts, Boston Satsuma rebellion in Japan by The Editors Scansion by Michael Hurley, University of Cambridge Scepticism and Shakespeare by William Hamlin, Washington State University Schism Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Schleswig annexed by Denmark by The Editors Schlieffen Plan by Terence M. Holmes, University of Wales, Swansea (Retired) Science Fiction by Russell Kenneth Blackford, Monash University Science in philosophy by Mariam Thalos, University of Utah Scopes Trial by Lucas Richert, University of London Scottish Enlightenment, The by Alexander Broadie, University of Glasgow Sears Roebuck Tower, new tallest building in the world, completed by Lucas Richert, University of London Sebastopol captured by the British and French by The Editors Second Anglo-Afghan War by The Editors Second Anglo-Burmese War by The Editors Second Combination Act by The Editors Second Continental Congress by The Editors Second Empire in France; rule of Napoleon III by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Second group of Watergate conspirators found guilty by Lucas Richert, University of London Second Irish Home Rule Bill by The Editors Second Maratha War; British seize Delhi by The Editors Second Opium War; Anglo-French War with China by The Editors Second Reform Bill - Representation of the People Act by The Editors , Second Seminole War by The Editors Second Sikh War by The Editors Second World War begins by The Editors , Secondary Revision by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Secret treaty between Russia and China by The Editors Seditious Meetings Act and Treasonable Practice Act by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Semiotics, Semiology by Paul Cobley, London Metropolitan University Senate snubs League of Nations by Lucas Richert, University of London Senator McCarthy leads Army hearings by Lucas Richert, University of London Sensibility by Janet Todd, University of Aberdeen Sententiae Menandri [Maxims of Menander] by Vayos Liapis, University of Montreal Sentimentality, Sentimentalism by The Editors Septenary by Peter Groves, Monash University Septennial Act by The Editors , Serbia and Montenegro declare war on the Ottoman Empire by The Editors Sestet by The Editors , Seven Years War by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Shakespeare in Opera by Jeremy Tambling, University of Manchester Shakespeare's Globe by Hugh Richmond, University of California, Berkeley Ship Money by The Editors , Shooting in the House of Representatives by Lucas Richert, University of London Shostakovich and Literature by Philip Ross Bullock, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Siege of Colchester by Andrew Hopper, University of Leicester Sign, The by John Phillips and Chrissie Tan, National University of Singapore Sikhs capture Peshawar by The Editors Simile by The Editors , Simulacrum by Paul Hegarty, University College Cork Sinn Fein founded by The Editors Sino-French Treaty by The Editors Sioux Chief Sitting Bull gives himself up to the US army by Lucas Richert, University of London Sir John Franklin's third voyage to the Arctic by The Editors Sir Ralph Abercromby achieved victories at Aboukir and Alexandria by The Editors Sir Walter Ralegh sails for Guiana by The Editors Six Articles by The Editors , Slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture in Santo Domingo by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Slavery abolished in Brazil by The Editors Slavery abolished in the Cape Colony by The Editors Slavery, Slave Trade, The Triangular Trade by Christine Pagnoulle, Université de Liège Society for the Suppression of Vice established by The Editors Somerset Case - slaves cannot be compelled to leave England against their will by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Sonnet by The Editors , Sotho kingdom requests British annexation by The Editors South Australia Act (South Australian Colonisation Act, Foundation Act) by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal South Sea Bubble by Richard Kleer, University of Regina South Sea Company Founded by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Southern Manifesto: Massive Resistance by Lucas Richert, University of London Soviet Literature - Glasnost by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Soviet Literature - Perestroika [Reconstruction] by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Soviet Literature - Samizdat, Tamizdat and Gosizdat publishing by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Soviet Literature - Socialist Realism by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Soviet Literature - The Thaw by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Soviet Literature - The Purges by Neil Cornwell, University of Bristol Spa Field Riots by The Editors Space shuttle Challenger explodes by Lucas Richert, University of London Spain declares war on Britain by The Editors Spanish Armada by The Editors , Spanish colonies in South America begin to revolt by The Editors Spanish Inquisition by The Editors Spanish-American War by Lucas Richert, University of London Spenserian Stanza by The Editors , Spiritual Autobiography by Stuart Sim, University of Sunderland Spiritualism by Bridget Bennett, University of Leeds Splitting [Spaltung] by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Spondee by The Editors , Sprung Rhythm by The Editors , St. Bartholomew Day's Massacre by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia St Brendan by Glyn Burgess, University of Liverpool St. Lawrence Seaway by Lucas Richert, University of London St. Valentines Day Massacre by Lucas Richert, University of London Stage Licensing Act by The Editors , Stamp Act by Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham Standard Oil dissolved by Lucas Richert, University of London Stanhope Press by Tom Mole, McGill University Stanza by The Editors , Start of Freedom rides anti-racism campaign by Lucas Richert, University of London Stationers' Company by The Editors , Presidency of Stephen Grover Cleveland by Lucas Richert, University of London Stock Market crash and rebound by Lucas Richert, University of London Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty signed by Lucas Richert, UNiversity of London Stream of consciousness by John Mepham, Kingston University Structuralism by Ken Newton, University of Dundee Sturm und Drang [Storm and Stress] by Gerhard P. Knapp, University of Utah Sublimation by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Sublime by Monika Fludernik, Universitaet Freiburg Submission of the Clergy by The Editors , Corsica is taken by Genoa by The Editors Sultan of Oman establishes capital at Zanzibar by The Editors Super-Ego, Superego [Über-Ich] by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Suppression of Communism Amendment Act No 50 by Samuel Ishmael Raditlhalo, University of Cape Town Supreme Court Order on integration by Lucas Richert, University of London Supreme Court rules on congressional district population by Lucas Richert, University of London Supreme Court rules on Pentagon Papers by Lucas Richert, University of London Supreme Court rules on religion in public schools by Lucas Richert, University of London Supreme Court ruling on rights of defendants by Lucas Richert, University of London Surrealism by David Cunningham, University of Westminster Suspension of Habeas Corpus by The Editors Swing Riots by Simon Debourcier, Anglia Ruskin University Swiss-German Literature, 1945-2000 by Romey Sabalius, San José State University Syllabic verse by Peter Groves, Monash University Syllable position by Peter Groves, Monash University Symbolic Order, The by Robert Clark, University of East Anglia Synaesthesia by The Editors , Syncopation/ Synaloepha/ Syncope by Peter Groves, Monash University Synecdoche by The Editors , Taff Vale Case by The Editors Taft-Hartley Labor Act by Lucas Richert, University of London Taiping ruler commits suicide by The Editors Talking Pictures by Lucas Richert, University of London Tara Arts Theatre Company by Steven Barfield, University of Westminster Tasman lands in Van Dieman's Land by Marion Spies, Bergische Universität-GHS Wuppertal Taste by Charlotte Stevens, Loughborough University Tea Act by The Editors Tea tax reduced with the Commutation Act by The Editors Teapot Dome Scandal by Lucas Richert, University of London Tehran captured by Russia by Th |