Richelieu is created a Cardinal. He has been instrumental in the government of France since 1614, initially in the service of Marie de' Medici's advisor Concino Concini, but for the past year working directly for Louis XIII.
Please log in to consult the article in its entirety. If you are a member (student of staff) of a subscribing institution (see List), you should be able to access the LE on campus directly (without the need to log in), and off-campus either via the institutional log in we offer, or via your institution's remote access facilities, or by creating a personal user account with your institutional email address. If you are not a member of a subscribing institution, you will need to purchase a personal subscription. For more information on how to subscribe as an individual user, please see under Individual Subcriptions.
36 words
Citation: Editors, Litencyc. "Richelieu is created a Cardinal". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 01 February 2011 [https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=15891, accessed 09 June 2026.]
