Austria and Prussia conclude a defensive alliance against Russia. After the alliance signed between Britain and France the previous month, this lines up most of the powers of Europe in support of the Ottoman Empire against the Russians.
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Citation: Editors, Litencyc. "Austria and Prussia conclude defensive alliance against Russia". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 30 December 2011 [https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=18295, accessed 09 June 2026.]
