The European powers sign the Suez Canal convention at Constantinople, declaring the canal open to all nations in both war and peace. The signatories are Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
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Citation: Editors, Litencyc. "Suez Canal convention opens it to all nations in war and peace". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 30 December 2011 [https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=19001, accessed 09 June 2026.]
