At the international London Conference, representatives of the great European powers repudiate the Black Sea clauses of 1856, after the Russians have already done so the previous October. These clauses stated that the Black Sea would be neutral and closed to warships of both the Russian Tsar and the Ottoman Sultan.
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Citation: Editors, Litencyc. "London Conference between great powers". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 30 December 2011 [https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=18597, accessed 06 May 2024.]
