After the end of the First Anglo-Dutch War in 1654, the British government decided to form an alliance with France. This was initially a commercial treaty, but extended in March 1657 into a formal military alliance. Cromwell took this opportunity partly in order to advance England's colonial ambitions, allowing him to attack Spanish possessions in the West Indies, and indeed that was the primary focus of the Anglo-Spanish War that broke out in October 1655. In March 1658, as the war was still being fought, the two countries renewed their alliance.
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